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Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

Mechanism of Angiogenesis

Mechanism of Angiogenesis

Blood vessel formation starts early during embryonic development, around day 7. In the extraembryonic yolk sac, mesodermal precursor cells called hemangioblast proliferate and differentiate into angioblast. Angioblasts express vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 or VEGFR2, which binds VEGF-A, a proangiogenic factor, guiding blood vessel formation. VEGF signaling promotes angioblasts to form a blood island in the developing embryo. Angioblasts further differentiate, giving rise to...

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Regulation of Angiogenesis and Blood Supply

Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits. Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 11, 2026

Retinal Explant of the Adult Mouse Retina as an Ex Vivo Model for Studying Retinal Neurovascular Diseases

Retinal Explant of the Adult Mouse Retina as an Ex Vivo Model for Studying Retinal Neurovascular Diseases

Published on: December 9, 2022

Retinal angiogenesis: Development and pathophysiology.

Julia H Joo¹, Vijay Jidigam¹, Sujata Rao¹

¹Department of Ophthalmic Research, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology

|May 9, 2026

Summary

Retinal angiogenesis is vital for eye health, involving new blood vessel growth in the retina. Understanding its regulation is key to treating vision-threatening disorders like diabetic retinopathy.

Keywords:

Age-related macular degeneration Angiogenesis Anti-VEGF therapy Diabetic retinopathy Pathologic angiogenesis Retina Retinal vasculature Retinopathy of prematurity VEGF

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Last Updated: May 11, 2026

Retinal Explant of the Adult Mouse Retina as an Ex Vivo Model for Studying Retinal Neurovascular Diseases

Retinal Explant of the Adult Mouse Retina as an Ex Vivo Model for Studying Retinal Neurovascular Diseases

Published on: December 9, 2022

Retinal Pathophysiological Evaluation in a Rat Model

Retinal Pathophysiological Evaluation in a Rat Model

Published on: May 6, 2022

Whole Mount Immunofluorescent Staining of the Neonatal Mouse Retina to Investigate Angiogenesis In vivo

Whole Mount Immunofluorescent Staining of the Neonatal Mouse Retina to Investigate Angiogenesis In vivo

Published on: July 9, 2013

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology and Vascular Biology

Background:

Retinal angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels in the retina, crucial for vision.
This process supplies oxygen and nutrients to retinal cells, maintaining function.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of retinal angiogenesis.
To explore therapeutic strategies for retinal vascular disorders.

Main Methods:

The study reviews the coordinated events in retinal angiogenesis, including endothelial cell proliferation, migration, tube formation, and maturation.
It examines the interplay of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors.

Main Results:

Retinal angiogenesis is tightly controlled by growth factors, cytokines, and cell signaling.
Aberrant angiogenesis underlies conditions like diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration.

Conclusions:

Understanding retinal angiogenesis mechanisms is essential for developing treatments.
Targeting angiogenesis can help preserve vision in retinal vascular diseases.