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Related Concept Videos

RC Circuit without Source01:16

RC Circuit without Source

When a DC source is abruptly disconnected from an RC (Resistor-Capacitor) circuit, the circuit becomes source-free. Assuming that the capacitor was fully charged before the source was removed, its initial voltage, denoted as V0, can be considered as the initial energy that stimulates the circuit.
Applying Kirchhoff's current law at the top node of the circuit and substituting the current values across the components, a first-order differential equation is obtained. By rearranging the terms in...
RC Circuit with Source01:15

RC Circuit with Source

When a DC source is abruptly applied to an RC (Resistor-Capacitor) circuit, the voltage can be represented as a unit step function. The voltage across the capacitor, known as the step response, characterizes how the circuit reacts to this sudden change in input.
Due to the inherent properties of a capacitor, its voltage cannot change instantaneously. This means that immediately after the switch is closed, the capacitor's voltage remains the same as it was just before the switch was closed.
By...
State Space Representation01:27

State Space Representation

The frequency-domain technique, commonly used in analyzing and designing feedback control systems, is effective for linear, time-invariant systems. However, it falls short when dealing with nonlinear, time-varying, and multiple-input multiple-output systems. The time-domain or state-space approach addresses these limitations by utilizing state variables to construct simultaneous, first-order differential equations, known as state equations, for an nth-order system.
Consider an RLC circuit, a...
Capacitors and Capacitance01:18

Capacitors and Capacitance

A device consisting of two electrical conductors that are separated by a distance and used to store electrical charges is called a capacitor. The space between the conductors is either a vacuum or an insulating material, called a dielectric. Capacitors have many applications, ranging from filtering static from radio reception to energy storage in heart defibrillators.
When the conductors are two identical parallel plates, it is called a parallel plate capacitor. When battery terminals are...
Energy Stored in a Capacitor: Problem Solving01:26

Energy Stored in a Capacitor: Problem Solving

In 1749, Benjamin Franklin coined the word battery for a series of capacitors connected to store energy. Capacitors store electric potential energy that can be released over a short time. This property means capacitors have a wide range of applications.
Capacitor-discharge ignition is a type of ignition system commonly found in small engines where the energy released from a capacitor ignites an induction coil that, in turn, fires the spark plug.
To calculate the energy stored in a capacitor of...
RC Circuits: Discharging A Capacitor01:27

RC Circuits: Discharging A Capacitor

One of the applications of an RC circuit is the relaxation oscillator. The relaxation oscillator comprises a voltage source, a capacitor, a resistor, and a neon lamp. The lamp acts like an open circuit (infinite resistance) until the potential difference across the neon lamp reaches a specific voltage. At that voltage, the lamp acts like a short circuit (zero resistance), and the capacitor discharges through the neon lamp and produces light. Once the capacitor is fully discharged through the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Modeling Biological Membranes with Circuit Boards and Measuring Electrical Signals in Axons: Student Laboratory Exercises
13:56

Modeling Biological Membranes with Circuit Boards and Measuring Electrical Signals in Axons: Student Laboratory Exercises

Published on: January 18, 2011

Decoupling capacitive sensing from circuit knowledge via time-domain representation.

Tingting Yan1, Changhan Du2

  • 1College of Electronic and Information Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China. 470369286@qq.com.

Scientific Reports
|May 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel time-domain sensing framework for capacitive sensors, simplifying readout by using microcontroller I/O pins. This approach eliminates the need for circuit-specific parameters, offering a more robust and scalable sensing solution.

Keywords:
Capacitive sensingDecouplingSensing frameworkTime-domain

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Modeling Biological Membranes with Circuit Boards and Measuring Electrical Signals in Axons: Student Laboratory Exercises
13:56

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Published on: January 18, 2011

Microfluidic Channel-Based Soft Electrodes and Their Application in Capacitive Pressure Sensing
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Scanning-probe Single-electron Capacitance Spectroscopy
10:53

Scanning-probe Single-electron Capacitance Spectroscopy

Published on: July 30, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Sensor Technology
  • Embedded Systems

Background:

  • Capacitive sensor readout traditionally relies on absolute capacitance measurement and circuit-specific parameters.
  • This approach is complex, limiting scalability and robustness across diverse applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a unified time-domain sensing framework for capacitive sensors.
  • To enable direct mapping of sensor dynamics to physical quantities without circuit knowledge.
  • To establish a platform-independent and robust sensing paradigm.

Main Methods:

  • Leveraging the intrinsic threshold voltage of microcontroller I/O pins for sensor readout.
  • Utilizing sensor charging dynamics in the time domain for data extraction.
  • Employing two-point temporal anchoring to correct for circuit variations.

Main Results:

  • Experimental validation across liquid-level, humidity, and displacement sensors.
  • Consistent sensor responses recovered via temporal anchoring, irrespective of hardware differences.
  • Demonstrated elimination of circuit parameter identification and recalibration needs.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed time-domain framework shifts from capacitance-centric readout to a system-level paradigm.
  • This approach offers robust, scalable, and platform-independent capacitive sensing.
  • Significantly reduces complexity and maintenance overhead for capacitive sensors across industries.