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Updated: May 12, 2026

A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis
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A Microwave-Assisted Direct Heteroarylation of Ketones Using Transition Metal Catalysis

Published on: February 16, 2020

Enabling Base-Free Direct C-H Arylation of Thiophene Derivatives: Glycerol-Derived Solvents as Active Reaction Media

Sara Gracia-Barberán1,2, Stefano Nejrotti3,4,5, Alejandro Leal-Duaso1,2

  • 1Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH-CSIC), Faculty of Science, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.

Chemsuschem
|May 11, 2026
PubMed

Keywords:
deep eutectic solventsglycerolionic liquidspalladium nanoparticlesthiophene

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Preparation of Alkynes: Alkylation Reaction

Introduction
Alkylation of terminal alkynes with primary alkyl halides in the presence of a strong base like sodium amide is one of the common methods for the synthesis of longer carbon-chain alkynes. For example, treatment of 1-propyne with sodium amide followed by reaction with ethyl bromide yields 2-pentyne.
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Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Acid-Catalyzed Hydration

Introduction
Analogous to alkenes, alkynes also undergo acid-catalyzed hydration. While the addition of water to an alkene gives an alcohol, hydration of alkynes produces different products such as aldehydes and ketones.
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Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
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Preparation of Alkynes: Dehydrohalogenation

Introduction
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Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

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One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
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All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...