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Related Concept Videos

Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired molecule. These three...
Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a low‐energy SOMO, which interacts...
Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects01:10

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic factors, steric factors also account...
Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular01:33

Radical Reactivity: Intramolecular vs Intermolecular

Radical reactions can occur either intermolecularly or intramolecularly. In an intermolecular radical reaction, a nucleophilic radical adds to an electrophilic alkene or vice versa. In such reactions, the radical and generally the alkene, which is also called the radical trap, are two different molecules. Additionally, for such intermolecular reactions to occur, the radical trap must be active, present in an excess concentration, and the radical starting material must have a weak carbon–halogen...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the latter, also known...

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Identity enactment as collective accomplishment: Religious identity enactment at home and at a festival.

The British journal of social psychology·2020
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
06:42

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

Factors Influencing Radicalization Process at Micro, Meso, and Macro Levels: A Systematic Literature Review.

Kavita Pandey1, Naresh Behera2

  • 1MMV, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.

Behavioral Sciences & the Law
|May 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study identifies key individual, social, and societal risk factors for radicalization and violent extremism (RVE). Understanding these micro, meso, and macro-level factors is crucial for developing effective prevention and intervention strategies.

Keywords:
micro‐meso‐macroradicalizationrisk factorssystematic reviewviolent extremism

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Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development
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Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development

Published on: April 15, 2013

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Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
06:42

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development
14:22

Free Radicals in Chemical Biology: from Chemical Behavior to Biomarker Development

Published on: April 15, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Criminology
  • Political Science

Background:

  • Radicalization and violent extremism (RVE) pose significant global security challenges.
  • Identifying risk factors is essential for developing effective prevention and intervention strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review empirical studies on risk factors for RVE.
  • To identify and categorize micro, meso, and macro-level factors influencing radicalization pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic Literature Review (SLR) following PRISMA guidelines.
  • Inclusion and synthesis of empirical studies on RVE risk factors.

Main Results:

  • Micro-level factors include age, gender, SES, psychopathology, personality traits, attitudes, beliefs, and moral disengagement.
  • Meso-level factors encompass family, social isolation, school environment, intergroup threats, psychological needs, and social support.
  • Macro-level factors involve collective strain, political conflict, identity, and group-based relative deprivation.

Conclusions:

  • RVE is influenced by a complex interplay of individual, social, and societal factors.
  • Findings underscore the need for multi-faceted approaches in counter-radicalization efforts and preventive strategies.