Behavioral Dentistry in the Digital Age: A Review of Biofeedback Occlusal Splint Therapy

Occlusal splints have long been employed as conservative therapeutic devices in the management of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), bruxism, and occlusal dysfunctions. Traditionally fabricated from hard acrylic, these splints function primarily through passive mechanical protection and require consistent patient compliance for effectiveness. This review outlines the evolution of occlusal splint therapy, with an emphasis on recent advancements in digital fabrication and biofeedback integration, and evaluates their clinical relevance in improving treatment outcomes. It begins by summarizing conventional classifications, clinical indications, and the biomechanical principles underlying splint therapy. Recent innovations are discussed, including the emergence of biofeedback-enabled splints incorporating embedded electromyographic or pressure sensors to identify parafunctional activity and deliver real-time stimuli for neuromuscular modulation. Simultaneously, progress in computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD-CAM), 3D printing, and smart material technologies has enhanced splint precision, durability, and patient-specific customization. Additionally, mobile health platforms and remote monitoring tools play a growing role in promoting patient adherence and facilitating post-delivery follow-up. Occlusal splint therapy is undergoing a technological transformation, shifting from passive mechanical devices to interactive, data-driven therapeutic tools. These modern systems integrate wearable sensor technology, digital fabrication, and behavioral feedback to enable more personalized and effective management of TMDs and sleep bruxism. While early results are promising, robust clinical trials and long-term studies are needed to validate their efficacy and support their integration into routine clinical practice.