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Exploiting a Microdisk Array Device for Enhanced Microextraction of Indomethacin from Human Urine.
Xanthippi Kokoviadou1, Marianna Ntorkou1, Constantinos K Zacharis1
1Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Department of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki GR-54124, Greece.
ACS Omega
|May 11, 2026
Summary
A new microdisk array (MDA) method efficiently extracts indomethacin from urine for HPLC-UV analysis. This reusable technique minimizes sample handling and solvent use, offering a sustainable approach for drug monitoring.
Area of Science:
- Analytical Chemistry
- Separation Science
- Environmental Chemistry
Background:
- Accurate determination of pharmaceuticals in biological samples is crucial for therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies.
- Existing methods for indomethacin analysis often involve complex procedures, significant solvent consumption, and limited reusability.
- Development of miniaturized, efficient, and environmentally friendly extraction techniques is a key area of research in analytical chemistry.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop and validate a novel microdisk array (MDA)-based microextraction method for the determination of indomethacin in human urine.
- To optimize extraction parameters for enhanced efficiency and reduced sample/solvent requirements.
- To assess the environmental sustainability and practical applicability of the developed method.
Main Methods:
- A microdisk array (MDA) device was fabricated using C18-coated microdisks on a stainless-steel spinal needle.
- The MDA device was employed for solid-phase microextraction of indomethacin from human urine samples.
- Extraction parameters, including sample volume, extraction time, and desorption solvent composition, were systematically optimized.
- Analyte quantification was performed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV).
- Environmental sustainability was evaluated using the MA index.
Main Results:
- The developed MDA microextraction method demonstrated excellent linearity for indomethacin determination in the range of 50-1000 ng/mL.
- A low limit of detection (LOD) of 14 ng/mL was achieved.
- High precision (intra- and interday variability < 16.7%) and accuracy (relative recoveries 91.4%–108.7%) were obtained.
- The MA index confirmed the reduced environmental footprint of the method.
- Successful application in analyzing real human urine samples from patients administered indomethacin.
Conclusions:
- The novel MDA-based microextraction technique provides a sensitive, precise, and accurate method for indomethacin determination in human urine.
- The method's miniaturized and reusable nature contributes to reduced solvent consumption and waste generation, aligning with green chemistry principles.
- MDA microextraction is a practical and sustainable approach for routine analysis of indomethacin and potentially other drugs in biological matrices.
