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Updated: May 12, 2026

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Incorporated vs Additional Dual-Task Training in Community-Dwelling Older Adults.

I-Ching Chuang1,2, Hui-Ju Wu1, Hui-Ing Ma3,4

  • 1Department of Occupational Therapy and Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.

Clinical Interventions in Aging
|May 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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Incorporated dual-task training (IDT) improved dual-task cognition and coordination in older adults more than additional dual-task training (ADT). IDT offers greater benefits for real-world functioning and cognitive-motor integration in aging populations.

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Rehabilitation Science

Background:

  • Aging is associated with declines in cognitive and physical functions, increasing risks of falls and loss of independence.
  • Dual-task training (DTT) integrates cognitive and motor activities, showing promise for mitigating age-related functional decline.
  • Limited research directly compares additional dual-task training (ADT) and incorporated dual-task training (IDT).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effects of ADT and IDT on cognitive function, physical performance, and daily living activities in community-dwelling older adults.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of two distinct DTT approaches in enhancing functional abilities in aging individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Seventy-four older adults (≥60 years) were randomized to 12-week ADT or IDT group programs.
Keywords:
additional dual-task trainingcognitive functionincorporated dual-task trainingmotor performance

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  • Cognitive, motor, and functional outcomes were assessed using standardized tests including the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Timed Up and Go, and Lawton IADL scale.
  • Dual-task performance was measured using specific indices like BBT-SST and BBT-FD.

    • Main Results:

    • IDT demonstrated superior improvements in dual-task cognitive performance (BBT-SST scores, p=0.002) and motor-cognitive coordination compared to ADT.
    • Both groups showed enhancements in global cognition, processing speed, and working memory.
    • No significant changes were observed in Timed Up and Go, dual-task cost, or instrumental activities of daily living (IADL).

    Conclusions:

    • Incorporated dual-task training (IDT) is more effective than additional dual-task training (ADT) for improving dual-task cognition and coordination in older adults.
    • IDT's benefits suggest greater ecological validity and better alignment with real-world demands for aging populations.
    • Future research should explore neural mechanisms using EEG and investigate VR-based interventions for at-risk older adults.