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Related Concept Videos

The Vestibular System01:29

The Vestibular System

The vestibular system is a set of inner ear structures that provide a sense of balance and spatial orientation. This system is comprised of structures within the labyrinth of the inner ear, including the cochlea and two otolith organs—the utricle and saccule. The labyrinth also contains three semicircular canals—superior, posterior, and horizontal—that are oriented on different planes.
Equilibrium and Balance01:15

Equilibrium and Balance

The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...
Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology01:25

Secondary Spinal Cord Injury llI: Pathophysiology

Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...
Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology01:14

Spinal Cord Injury ll: Pathophysiology

Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction01:28

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...

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Time course of functional and structural brain network changes after mild traumatic brain injury.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 12, 2026

Using Unidirectional Rotations to Improve Vestibular System Asymmetry in Patients with Vestibular Dysfunction
05:02

Using Unidirectional Rotations to Improve Vestibular System Asymmetry in Patients with Vestibular Dysfunction

Published on: August 30, 2019

Vestibular Rehabilitation for Post-Concussive Vestibular Dysfunction: Pathophysiology, Evidence-Based Practice, and

Ki Hun Shin1, Byung-Mo Oh2,3,4, Hoo Young Lee5

  • 1Department and Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Korean Journal of Neurotrauma
|May 11, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Post-concussive vestibular dysfunction (PCVD) after mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) requires integrated assessment for effective rehabilitation. This review details precise diagnosis and evidence-based vestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT) strategies.

Keywords:
Brain concussionDigital technologyPersistent postural-perceptual dizzinessRehabilitationVestibular systemWearable electronic devices

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Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane
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Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

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Estimating Vestibular Perceptual Thresholds Using a Six-Degree-Of-Freedom Motion Platform
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Estimating Vestibular Perceptual Thresholds Using a Six-Degree-Of-Freedom Motion Platform

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 12, 2026

Using Unidirectional Rotations to Improve Vestibular System Asymmetry in Patients with Vestibular Dysfunction
05:02

Using Unidirectional Rotations to Improve Vestibular System Asymmetry in Patients with Vestibular Dysfunction

Published on: August 30, 2019

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane
07:24

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

Published on: August 22, 2025

Estimating Vestibular Perceptual Thresholds Using a Six-Degree-Of-Freedom Motion Platform
06:31

Estimating Vestibular Perceptual Thresholds Using a Six-Degree-Of-Freedom Motion Platform

Published on: August 4, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Vestibular System Disorders
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), a "silent epidemic," often leads to overlooked long-term issues like post-concussive vestibular dysfunction (PCVD).
  • PCVD significantly impacts patients' return to daily life, necessitating targeted interventions.
  • Current rehabilitation often focuses on symptom relief rather than underlying pathophysiology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide updated insights into precise diagnosis and evidence-based, individualized vestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT) for PCVD.
  • To address differential diagnosis of cervicogenic dizziness and structural peripheral lesions.
  • To explore the role of advanced technologies in mTBI rehabilitation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on mTBI, PCVD, and VRT.
  • Discussion of diagnostic approaches for PCVD, including cervicogenic dizziness and persistent postural-perceptual dizziness.
  • Exploration of emerging technologies like virtual reality and wearable sensors for rehabilitation.

Main Results:

  • PCVD results from complex interactions within the vestibular system, CNS, and cervical spine, often involving sensory reweighting failure.
  • Accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective, mechanism-based treatment.
  • Advanced technologies offer potential for digital therapeutics and AI-driven precision rehabilitation.

Conclusions:

  • An integrated, mechanism-based assessment is essential for optimizing PCVD rehabilitation outcomes.
  • Individualized VRT, considering differential diagnoses, is key.
  • Emerging technologies promise to enhance precision and accessibility of rehabilitation for mTBI patients.