Ginsenosides Rk3 and Rh4: Efficient transformation, modern pharmacological effects, and applications potential

Panax ginseng Meyer is an important medicinal herb widely used in Asia, with high medical and nutritional value. Ginsenosides are the most important crucial key components in P. ginseng. After transformation, it can produce rare ginsenoside, which has the characteristics of remarkable activity, improved absorption and broader application. Ginsenosides Rk3 (G-Rk3) and ginsenosides Rh4 (G-Rh4) respectively, are rare ginsenosides derived from P. ginseng, and can also be obtained by biological or chemical conversion of the original ginsenosides (G-Rg1/Re). Compared to the original ginsenosides, G-Rk3 and G-Rh4 exhibit higher activity and bioavailability and have garnered significant attention for their remarkable biological activities. Modern pharmacological studies have confirmed that G-Rk3 and G-Rh4 have outstanding roles in anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, treatment of heart failure, protection of the nervous system, anti-diabetes, and intestinal protective activities. It fully demonstrates that the rare ginsenosides have significant development potential. In this review, G-Rk3 and G-Rh4 were detailed literature reviewed in terms of efficiency transformation, modern pharmacological action and application potential. It is expected to provide material basis for digging the potential value of P. ginseng and promoting the deep development of its physiological active substances in the medical and health industry.