Applications of VR technologies in patients with reversible visual dysfunction: a scoping review

This study seeks to systematically synthesise the existing evidence on the use of virtual reality (VR) technologies in patients with reversible visual dysfunction through a scoping-review approach, thereby offering a foundation for standardising their clinical and research applications.

This scoping review adhered to methodological frameworks for scoping studies and followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. We systematically searched four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Cochrane Library) from inception to November 2025, supplemented by grey literature via Google Scholar, to identify studies on VR applications in patients with reversible visual dysfunction. Two reviewers independently performed literature screening and data extraction, followed by narrative synthesis and analysis of included studies.

A total of 10,972 records were screened, and 39 studies ultimately met the inclusion criteria. VR-based visual training incorporates one or more methods, including dichoptic, visual perceptual, and push-pull model training, delivered via interactive games or videos. For patients with reversible visual dysfunction, this approach demonstrates both safety and clinical feasibility.

VR technologies offer a novel and viable avenue for visual rehabilitation in patients with reversible visual dysfunction. Future research should focus on enhancing the scientific rigour and effectiveness of VR-based training protocols, conducting large-scale longitudinal studies, and further elucidating the extent to which improvements in visual function translate into gains in everyday functional abilities.