PD Controller: Design
PI Controller: Design
PID Controller
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Updated: May 13, 2026

Free-form Light Actuators — Fabrication and Control of Actuation in Microscopic Scale
Published on: May 25, 2016
Shengzhao Li1, Shen Yuan1, Qianzuo Liu1
1School of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; i-Lab, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 398 Ruoshui Road, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
Researchers developed a new photothermal soft actuator using PVA-coated Polypyrrole additives in LCEs. This design enhances mechanical strength and actuation performance, enabling precise control for bionic applications.
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