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Related Concept Videos

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:15

Ischemic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

An ischemic stroke occurs when a cerebral blood vessel becomes obstructed, most often by a thrombus or embolus, interrupting the delivery of oxygen and glucose to brain tissue. Because neurons rely on continuous aerobic metabolism, energy failure begins within minutes of reduced perfusion. The region receiving the least blood flow becomes the infarct core, an area of irreversible cellular death. Surrounding this core lies the penumbra, a zone of hypoperfused but still viable tissue that is...
Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction01:15

Ischemic Stroke l: Introduction

Ischemic stroke is an acute cerebrovascular condition in which blood flow to a brain region is suddenly interrupted, leading to tissue infarction. Neurons depend on continuous oxygen and glucose supply, so even brief reductions in perfusion cause energy failure, ionic imbalance, and irreversible injury. Ischemic strokes are classified into thrombotic and embolic types based on their underlying mechanisms.Thrombotic MechanismsThrombotic stroke develops when a clot forms within a cerebral artery.
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...
Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction01:17

Hemorrhagic Stroke l: Introduction

A hemorrhagic stroke is an acute neurological event that occurs when a weakened cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to accumulate within or around the brain. The sudden release of blood forms a focal hematoma that increases intracranial pressure, displaces neural tissue, and can obstruct cerebrospinal fluid pathways. These effects may be compounded by intraventricular extension of the hemorrhage, cerebral edema, or compression of adjacent structures, all of which contribute to...
Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...

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Updated: May 26, 2026

Characterizing Extracellular Vesicles from Biological Fluids
05:07

Characterizing Extracellular Vesicles from Biological Fluids

Published on: February 28, 2025

Extracellular vesicles: Revolutionizing targeted therapy for ischemic stroke.

Ju Bai1,2, Jingshu Yang3, Wei Liu2

  • 1Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.

Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B
|May 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) show promise for treating ischemic stroke (IS) by naturally crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and targeting multiple disease mechanisms. Further research is needed to overcome challenges for clinical application.

Keywords:
Blood–brain barrierExtracellular vesiclesFunctional recoveryIschemic strokeNeuroprotectionOxidative stressPathomechanismTargeted therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Ischemic stroke (IS) is a major cause of death and disability globally.
  • Current IS treatments are limited by complex underlying mechanisms, including blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and cell death.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging research on extracellular vesicle (EV)-based therapies for ischemic stroke.
  • To evaluate the potential of EVs in targeting key pathological pathways of IS.

Main Methods:

  • Review of preclinical studies on EV-based therapies for IS.
  • Analysis of EV properties, including BBB permeability, biocompatibility, and cargo delivery capabilities.
  • Evaluation of EV mechanisms in addressing BBB integrity, neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and cell death pathways.
  • Assessment of engineered EVs for improved targeting and therapeutic accuracy.

Main Results:

  • EVs derived from various sources possess inherent BBB permeability and biocompatibility, acting as effective nanocarriers.
  • EVs can restore BBB integrity, modulate neuroinflammation, reduce excitotoxicity, scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inhibit various cell death pathways (apoptosis, ferroptosis).
  • Engineered EVs demonstrate enhanced targeting and treatment accuracy in preclinical models.

Conclusions:

  • EVs represent a promising, multi-targeted therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke with the potential to overcome limitations of current treatments.
  • Significant preclinical evidence supports the efficacy of EV-based therapies for IS.
  • Challenges remain in standardization, scalable production, and delivery optimization for successful clinical translation.