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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans

RBDT: A Computerized Task System based in Transposition for the Continuous Analysis of Relational Behavior Dynamics in Humans

Published on: July 17, 2021

The effects of directly manipulating dotarray properties on the link between numerosity comparison and arithmetic.

Bingqian Ren^1,2, Mianjun Li³, Xinlin Zhou^1,2

¹State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.

The British Journal of Educational Psychology

|May 12, 2026

Summary

Number sense, crucial for arithmetic, is a form of visual perception. Manipulating visual form information directly impacts arithmetic skills, confirming this link in a large study.

Keywords:

Arithmetic Numerosity comparison Total perimeter Visual form perception

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Neuroscience

Background:

Number sense is a known predictor of arithmetic ability.
The visual form perception hypothesis links number sense and arithmetic, but lacked direct evidence.
Previous correlational studies supported this link without direct manipulation.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide direct evidence for the influence of numerosity processing on arithmetic.
To investigate the role of visual form perception in the number sense-arithmetic relationship.
To manipulate form information to observe its effect on arithmetic skills.

Main Methods:

Recruited 884 participants across two age groups (younger <6 years, older >6 years).
Utilized 4 computerized tests measuring non-symbolic numerosity, visual form perception, and arithmetic ability.
Employed two-way repeated-measures ANOVA to analyze the impact of controlling conditions and dot ratio on performance.

Main Results:

Dot comparison was most difficult when controlling for total perimeter, with scores decreasing significantly.
The controlling condition showed the weakest association with visual form perception and arithmetic performance.
Performance varied across different control conditions, indicating differential processing demands.

Conclusions:

Number sense is fundamentally a type of visual form perception.
The connection between number sense and arithmetic ability is rooted in the processing of visual form information.
Direct manipulation confirms the role of visual form processing in numerical cognition.