Revolutionizing MDD diagnosis: the integrated role of circRNAs and biosensor technology

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a globally widespread mental health disorder that frequently remains underdiagnosed and inadequately treated. Recent advancements in circular RNAs (circRNAs) have illuminated their potential as biomarkers for a variety of diseases, including MDD. This review emphasizes the advantages of circRNA enrichment methodologies over traditional techniques, particularly isotachophoresis. Furthermore, the intricate role of circRNAs in the pathophysiological processes underlying MDD, as well as their integration with biosensor technology to improve diagnostic accuracy and efficiency, are synthesised. However, the clinical translation of circRNA-based diagnostics faces significant challenges, including the low abundance of circRNAs in bodily fluids, the need for highly sensitive and rapid detection platforms, and the lack of standardized, point-of-care compatible methods. A comprehensive overview of current circRNA detection methods, delineating their similarities and differences, is discussed. Insights for the anticipated advancements in quantitative and rapid circRNA detection is proposed. This review not only presents a thorough assessment of emerging trends in circRNA detection but also elaborates on primary techniques, traditional approaches, and recent innovations within the field of biosensor-based MDD diagnostics.