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Time Synchronization Attack Detection Method Based on Carrier Doppler Pearson Correlation Coefficient Estimation.

Lifen Li1,2, Zhiyun Xiao1,2

  • 1School of Electric Power, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot 010080, China.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new method using carrier Doppler Pearson correlation detects time synchronization attacks on smart grids faster than existing techniques. This enhances power system security by improving the reliability of phasor measurement units.

Keywords:
carrier Dopplerglobal navigation satellite system (GNSS)spoofingtime securitytime synchronization attack (TSA)

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Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Cybersecurity
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is crucial for time synchronization in smart grids using Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs).
  • GNSS is vulnerable to Time Synchronization Attacks (TSAs), threatening power system stability.
  • Existing TSA detection methods lack sufficient speed and robustness against sophisticated attacks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a novel and efficient method for detecting TSAs in GNSS signals used by PMUs.
  • To enhance the security and reliability of smart grid operations against timing attacks.
  • To develop a TSA detection technique implementable on existing hardware without modifications.

Main Methods:

  • Proposed a TSA detection method based on carrier Doppler Pearson correlation coefficient estimation.
  • Leveraged consistent changes in carrier Doppler shifts across satellite channels during a TSA.
  • Implemented and compared the method against four existing techniques on a dedicated experimental platform.

Main Results:

  • The proposed method demonstrated significantly faster detection speeds (4-22 seconds quicker) compared to existing methods.
  • Detection statistics showed more pronounced changes, indicating higher sensitivity.
  • The method proved robust against sophisticated attacks, especially with lower spoofing speeds and increased stealthiness.

Conclusions:

  • The carrier Doppler Pearson correlation method offers a rapid and reliable solution for TSA detection in smart grids.
  • Its lightweight computational overhead makes it suitable for embedded PMU systems, bolstering sensor-layer security.
  • This contributes to more dependable wide-area monitoring and control of power systems.