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An Optimized Clustering Routing Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks Based on Spotted Hyena and Improved
Songhao Jia1, Shuya Jia1, Wenqian Shao1
1School of Artificial Intelligence, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang 473061, China.
Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 13, 2026
Summary
This study introduces the Spotted Hyena Optimization-Energy-Efficient Non-Uniform Clustering (SHOE) algorithm to extend the lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). SHOE optimizes cluster head selection and data transmission, significantly improving energy efficiency and network stability.
Area of Science:
- Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
- Network Lifetime Optimization
- Bio-inspired Algorithms
Background:
- WSNs are crucial for environmental monitoring, disaster warning, and smart grids.
- Limited energy in sensor nodes and unbalanced consumption lead to network instability and reduced lifespan.
- Existing clustering algorithms struggle with non-uniform node distribution and energy hotspots.
Purpose of the Study:
- To propose an optimized algorithm, SHOE, for efficient cluster head selection and data transmission in WSNs.
- To enhance network lifetime by addressing energy limitations and unbalanced consumption.
- To improve WSN adaptability to non-uniform node deployment.
Main Methods:
- Developed the Spotted Hyena Optimization-Energy-Efficient Non-Uniform Clustering (SHOE) algorithm.
- Integrated a bio-inspired metaheuristic with improved Energy-Efficient Unequal Clustering (EEUC) and a Gaussian distribution model.
- Designed a multi-dimensional fitness function (energy, distance, location) and implemented empty cluster/isolated node repair mechanisms.
Main Results:
- SHOE demonstrated superior performance over LEACH, PSOE, PL-EBC, and CGWOA in simulations.
- Significant reductions in node death and energy consumption were observed.
- Extended network lifetime and improved adaptability to non-uniform WSN distributions.
Conclusions:
- The SHOE algorithm effectively balances energy consumption and optimizes cluster head selection in WSNs.
- It enhances network efficiency, stability, and lifespan, particularly in non-uniformly distributed environments.
- SHOE offers a robust solution for prolonging the operational life of energy-constrained WSNs.
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