Lighting Spectrum, Intensity, and Photoperiod Induce Distinct Photoresponses in Chrysanthemum coronarium Greens,...

In controlled-environment agriculture (CEA), light serves both as an energy source for photosynthesis and as a regulatory factor. However, the light responses of underutilized leafy greens are still not fully characterized compared with model crops such as lettuce. This study evaluated the effects of lighting parameters on the growth, metabolism, antioxidant properties, and mineral composition of Chrysanthemum coronarium (shungiku) greens cultivated hydroponically in CEA. Three parallel experiments were conducted, aiming to explore the effects of (I) light spectrum using red (R, 660 nm), blue (B, 447 nm), and combined RB light; (II) photoperiod, using 12, 16, and 24 h photoperiods at equal daily light integral; and 150, 200, 250, and 300 µmol m^-2 s^-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) at 16 h photoperiod. RB light promoted the highest biomass accumulation and light use efficiency (LUE), while monochromatic red and blue light limited growth and reduced Fe and Zn contents. A 12 h photoperiod yielded the best results for leaf area, fresh weight, and LUE compared with 16 and 24 h photoperiods. Higher PPFD increased biomass, soluble sugars, antioxidant capacity, organic acids, and micronutrients, with peak LUE at 200 µmol m^-2 s^-1 instead of the maximum yield at 300 µmol m^-2 s^-1. These findings emphasize the importance of crop-specific and trait-oriented light optimization for underutilized leafy vegetables.