Linking Experimental Models to Pathophysiology: Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in Cardiovascular Diseases

There has been an immense concern in the healthcare industry about the globally raising rate of cardiovascular disease (CVD). As per recent WHO reports, CVD is the leading cause of disability, hospitalization and premature death. Studies indicate that oxidative stress negatively impacts the heart and vascular system, which could potentially lead to myocardial infarction, hypertension, cardiomyopathies, atherosclerosis and diabetic heart failure, highlighting its significance as a prognostic indicator in cardiovascular conditions. Nowadays, many common experimental assays are used for in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation of oxidative stress and its negative effects on the cardiovascular system. This review aims to serve as a comprehensive guide for researchers seeking to evaluate the impact of oxidative stress on DNA damage in CVD utilizing standardized methods published by leading institutions. To achieve this, we analyzed 208 relevant articles from prominent databases such as Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, etc., summarizing experimental validation of oxidative stress measurements from 1955 to the present. Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage is a key driver of cardiovascular disease progression, yet experimental approaches to study it remain highly variable. This review systematically summarizes established in-vitro and in-vivo models, oxidative stress inducers, and analytical assays used in cardiovascular research. By integrating mechanistic insights with standardized methodologies, it provides a practical framework to guide model selection, improve reproducibility, and enhance translational relevance. This work serves as a concise reference for researchers investigating redox biology, cardiovascular pathology, and antioxidant-based therapeutic strategies.