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Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome Staging and Relevance to Precision Nutrition
1Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, NY 10027, USA.
Nutrients
|May 13, 2026
Summary
Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome, defined by the AHA, links obesity, diabetes, and heart and kidney disease. Precision nutrition may help manage CKM, but more research is needed, especially regarding liver involvement.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) health and syndrome
- Nutrient metabolism and CKM pathogenesis
Background:
- One in three US adults has CKM risk factors.
- CKM syndrome involves obesity, Type 2 diabetes (T2D), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
- The AHA introduced CKM health and CKM syndrome in 2023.
Purpose of the Study:
- Describe CKM health and CKM syndrome.
- Discuss CKM epidemiology, development, and stages.
- Evaluate precision nutrition's impact and nutrient metabolism's role in CKM.
Main Methods:
- Narrative review of existing literature.
- Analysis of NHANES data for CKM stage correlations.
- Evaluation of nutrient metabolism's role in CKM.
Main Results:
- Studies show correlations between CKM stages and adverse outcomes.
- Dietary intake and patterns may protect against CKM progression.
- Experimental and clinical research on CKM is limited.
Conclusions:
- Integrated body systems drive CKM development.
- Precision nutrition and diet patterns show potential in CKM management.
- Further research is needed, considering liver diseases like MASLD/MASH for inclusion in the CKM framework.
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