Association between regular organized indoor soccer training and executive function performance in preadolescents: A...

Executive functions (EFs) are essential for goal-directed behavior and cognitive adaptation in dynamic environments. This study explores the relationship between regular organized indoor soccer training and potential better performance in EFs among preadolescents, a critical period for cognitive development. A sample of 60 preadolescents (30 soccer players and 30 non‑athletes) were assessed using standardized tests: Backward Corsi for visuospatial working memory, New Card Sorting Test (NCST) for cognitive flexibility, Forward and Backward Digit Span for working memory, and Stroop Test for inhibitory control. Statistical analyses involved non-parametric tests with Holm-Bonferroni correction to compare EF performance between groups. Results indicated that soccer players performed significantly better in visuospatial working memory (Backward Corsi: p = 0.042) and reactive cognitive flexibility (NCST categories completed and non-perseverative errors: p < 0.005; perseverative errors: p = .048) compared to controls, with no significant difference in verbal working memory (Forward Digit Span: p = .100) or inhibitory control (Stroop: p = .152). These findings suggest that regular soccer training is associated with enhanced performance in visuospatial working memory and reactive cognitive flexibility in preadolescents, supporting the role of team sports in cognitive development. However, the cross-sectional design, modest sample size (power ∼.48), and lack of assessor blinding limit causal inferences and generalizability. Future longitudinal studies with larger, diverse samples are needed to establish causality and inform targeted sports programs.