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Related Concept Videos

Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

Nucleotide Excision Repair

DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
Nucleotide Excision Repair01:08

Nucleotide Excision Repair

Overview
Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...

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Updated: May 14, 2026

Demonstration of the DNA Fiber Assay for Investigating DNA Damage and Repair Dynamics Induced by Nanoparticles
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Published on: March 3, 2023

Gold Nanoparticles Size Dependence on DNA Damage under X-rays.

Alaa Huwaidi1, Redha-Alla Abdo1, François Lessard2

  • 1Département des Sciences des Radiations et de l'imagerie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001 12e Avenue Nord, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.

Chemical Research in Toxicology
|May 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) enhance radiotherapy by causing DNA damage. Smaller AuNPs (5 nm) induce significantly more DNA damage than larger ones (110 nm), aiding in designing optimal nanoparticle sizes for cancer treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Nanomedicine
  • Radiotherapy
  • DNA Damage Mechanisms

Background:

  • Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) combined with X-rays show promise for radiotherapy.
  • Nanoparticle size affects cancer tissue penetration and radiosensitization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of gold nanoparticle size on DNA damage formation after X-ray exposure.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of AuNP-mediated radiosensitization.

Main Methods:

  • Exposure of dried gold nanoparticle-oligonucleotide-DNA mixtures to 10-100 keV X-rays.
  • Quantification of DNA damage types and yields using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

Main Results:

  • Nucleobase release was the predominant DNA damage type (82%).
  • Electron-specific damage, including dideoxynucleosides, was observed.
  • Smaller AuNPs (5 nm) resulted in 7-10 fold greater DNA damage compared to larger AuNPs (110 nm).
  • AuNP presence shifted radiation damage towards electron-mediated pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Nanoparticle size critically influences the yield and type of radiation-induced DNA damage.
  • Smaller AuNPs enhance radiosensitization more effectively due to emitted electron energy and range.
  • Findings support the design of optimized AuNP sizes for improved radiotherapy efficacy.