Chirality-engineered nanomaterials for biomedical applications

Chirality critically shapes biological recognition and signaling, and its integration into nanomaterials provides a versatile strategy to regulate nano-bio interactions and therapeutic outcomes. Precise fabrication of chiral nanostructures enables advances in drug delivery, immunomodulation, and other biomedical applications. Nanoscale chirality influences protein corona formation, cellular uptake, immune cell activation, and in vivo biodistribution, impacting pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety. This review summarizes recent progress in chiral nanomaterials design, emphasizing enantioselective biomolecular interactions, drug delivery, and immune modulation. Emerging evidence shows that chiral nanostructures can modulate innate and adaptive immunity, including dendritic cell maturation, antigen presentation, and potentiation of immune checkpoint blockade. Key challenges for translation, including scalable synthesis, enantiopurity, mechanistic insight, and comprehensive pharmacokinetics and biosafety, are critically discussed.