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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 15, 2026

Flash Infrared Annealing for Perovskite Solar Cell Processing
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Fluid-Crystallization Synergy for >26% Efficiency Fully Ambient-Printed SAM-Based Perovskite Photovoltaics.

Yongchao Tu1, Zuohan Wen2, Qi Cao3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Shaanxi Key Laboratory For Advanced Energy Devices, Shaanxi Engineering Lab For Advanced Energy Technology, National Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|May 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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This study demonstrates the first perovskite solar cells (PSCs) fabricated using ambient-air printing with self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), achieving over 26% efficiency. The findings highlight how SAM properties control fluid dynamics and crystallization for scalable, low-cost PSC manufacturing.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Lab-scale spin-coating of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in inert environments yields high efficiencies but is not suitable for industrialization.
  • Ambient-air printing is crucial for low-cost, scalable PSC manufacturing, but achieving high efficiencies with this method has been challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report the first PSCs fabricated using fully ambient-air printed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) and perovskite films.
  • To elucidate the role of SAM physicochemical properties in governing fluid dynamics and crystallization during ambient-air printing.
  • To establish a link between SAM properties and perovskite film formation for optimized device performance.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of PSCs using fully ambient-air printed SAMs and perovskite inks.
Keywords:
ambient‐air printingburied Interfacecrystallization kineticsinverted perovskite solar cellsself‐assembled monolayer

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  • Investigation of the relationship between SAM surface energy (γ) and perovskite ink behavior (meniscus flattening, temperature gradients, Marangoni stress).
  • Analysis of how SAM surface energy influences perovskite crystallization kinetics (nucleation onset, growth mode).

    • Main Results:

    • Achieved a record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.31% (certified 25.85%) for ambient-air printed PSCs using SAMs.
    • Demonstrated that higher SAM surface energy leads to flatter ink menisci, reduced thermal gradients, and suppressed Marangoni stress, resulting in uniform perovskite deposition and smoother films.
    • Showed that higher SAM surface energy delays nucleation and shifts crystallization mode, improving film quality and device performance.
    • Attained a champion PCE of 22.3% in 13.04 cm2 mini-modules with excellent operational stability (>90% retention after 1200 h).

    Conclusions:

    • Ambient-air printed SAMs are critical for achieving high-efficiency PSCs.
    • SAM physicochemical properties quantitatively influence perovskite fluid dynamics and crystallization thermodynamics during ambient-air printing.
    • This work provides a pathway for scalable, low-cost manufacturing of high-performance perovskite solar cells.