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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes02:46

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...
Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
To break or to melt a covalent network solid, covalent bonds must be broken. Because covalent bonds are relatively strong, covalent network solids are typically...
Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...

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Updated: May 16, 2026

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface
08:42

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface

Published on: July 10, 2017

Single crystal covalent organic frameworks.

Yongzhi Chen1, Zhihao Zhang1, Donglin Jiang1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore. chmjd@nus.edu.sg.

Chemical Society Reviews
|May 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review explores synthesizing single crystal covalent organic frameworks (COFs). It details strategies to control COF structure and function, overcoming challenges in creating these advanced porous materials.

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

Microfluidic-based Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs): A Tool for Continuous Production of COF Fibers and Direct Printing on a Surface
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Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Crystallography

Background:

  • Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are versatile crystalline porous polymers with structure-dependent functions.
  • COF synthesis involves complex physicochemical processes, leading to challenges in precise structural control, especially for single crystals.
  • Polycrystalline COFs are common, but single crystal COFs offer unique properties yet remain scarce and difficult to synthesize.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current strategies and methodologies for designing and synthesizing single crystal COFs.
  • To scrutinize polymerization, nucleation, and crystallization mechanisms to identify key control parameters.
  • To correlate structure-property relationships and compare single crystal COFs with polycrystalline COFs.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing strategies for single crystal COF synthesis.
  • Analysis of polymerization, nucleation, and crystallization mechanisms in COF formation.
  • Comparative study of properties and functions between polycrystalline and single crystal COFs.

Main Results:

  • The complexity of COF synthesis hinders precise structural control, limiting single crystal COF diversity and accessibility.
  • Key control parameters for polymerization, nucleation, and crystallization are identified.
  • Structural integrity significantly impacts the performance and functions of COFs.

Conclusions:

  • Advancing single crystal COF synthesis requires a deeper understanding of underlying mechanisms.
  • Future research should focus on developing scalable and accessible methods for single crystal COF production.
  • This review provides a framework for innovation and implementation of single crystal COFs.