Fully organic waterproof biobattery designed for mouthpiece applications

An enzyme-driven biobattery patch designed for mouthpiece integration was developed using a glucose dehydrogenase-modified carbon fabric anode for glucose oxidation and a waterproof O₂-breathing cathode constructed from bilirubin oxidase (BOD)-modified carbon fabric and an ultrathin polysilicon membrane. The waterproof enzymatic biobattery was evaluated under oral conditions. Specifically, the effects of oxygen concentration and temperature variations expected in the oral cavity on battery performance were investigated. The geometry and size of the anode and cathode electrodes were optimized to effectively utilize the limited space within the mouthpiece. This soft, safe, and fully organic biobattery patch represents a promising approach for electrically assisted oral care applications, including drug delivery.