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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...

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Updated: May 16, 2026

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
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Prolonged Low-Dose Paracetamol Prophylaxis Accelerates Ductal Closure in Extremely Preterm Neonates: A Randomized

Tiina Ukkonen1,2, Eveliina Ronkainen1,2, Aliisa Laitala1,2

  • 1Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.

Neonatology
|May 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Early administration of acetaminophen (paracetamol) significantly shortened the time to ductal closure in extremely preterm infants. This treatment demonstrated safety and efficacy, offering a new therapeutic option for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).

Keywords:
AcetaminophenCardiac ultrasoundExtremely low birth weightPatent ductus arteriosusPremature infants

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Last Updated: May 16, 2026

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Effect of Hyaluronic Acid 35 kDa on an In Vitro Model of Preterm Small Intestinal Injury and Healing Using Enteroid-Derived Monolayers

Published on: July 28, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neonatalogy
  • Pediatric Cardiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is a significant concern in extremely preterm infants, linked to increased morbidity and mortality.
  • The optimal dosage and safety of early acetaminophen (paracetamol) for PDA treatment in this population remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of early intravenous paracetamol administration for the treatment of PDA in extremely low gestational age (ELGA) infants.
  • To determine the effective and safe dosage of paracetamol for early PDA intervention.

Main Methods:

  • A single-centre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II pilot trial involving ELGA infants (<28 wk gestation or <1000g birth weight).
  • Infants received either intravenous paracetamol (20mg/kg loading dose, 7.5mg/kg maintenance every 6 hours for 9 days) or placebo, starting before 96 hours of age.
  • Ductal patency was monitored daily using cardiac ultrasound; primary outcome was duration of ductal closure.

Main Results:

  • The median ductal closure time was significantly shorter in the paracetamol group (3 days) compared to the placebo group (14 days) (p=0.031).
  • Ductal closure was achieved in 75% of infants receiving paracetamol versus 35% in the placebo group (NNT=3).
  • Adverse events were similar between groups, and no increase in adverse events was observed with paracetamol treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Early, nine-day administration of intravenous paracetamol is effective in shortening ductal closure time in ELGA infants.
  • Paracetamol treatment for PDA in this vulnerable population appears safe, with no increase in adverse events compared to placebo.