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Published on: June 24, 2025
Heterogeneous rebound patterns of foodborne diseases after COVID-19 non-pharmaceutical interventions, South Korea,
Seongdae Kim1, Byung Chul Chun2
1Department of Biohealth Convergence Open Sharing System, Hongik University, Mapo-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Public Health, Korea University Graduate School, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Objectives:
To characterize pathogen-specific patterns of foodborne diseases across the full COVID-19 pandemic period, including post-non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) relaxation through 2024.
Methods:
We conducted interrupted time series analysis of 12 nationally notifiable foodborne diseases using 20 years of data (2005-2024) from South Korean surveillance systems. Segmented negative binomial regression models were applied with February 2020 as the intervention point.
Results:
Four distinct response patterns emerged: sustained decrease (typhoid fever), post-COVID rebound (7 diseases including norovirus), no significant effect (3 diseases), and paradoxical increase (Vibrio vulnificus). Seven diseases with declining pre-pandemic trends showed post-NPI rebounds, while diseases already increasing showed no significant changes. Norovirus demonstrated the strongest rebound pattern.
Conclusions:
COVID-19 NPIs did not produce uniform foodborne disease reductions. Most declining diseases shifted to increasing post-pandemic trends, suggesting pandemic-era food delivery and consumption changes may have worsened trajectories. These heterogeneous patterns underscore the need for pathogen-specific surveillance strategies for future pandemic preparedness.
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