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Digitization of Historical Data from Somalia's Last Smallpox Outbreaks 1976-1977.

Rabia Khan1, Hannah Williams2, Galena Kuyumdzhieva3

  • 1Epidemiological Insight Team, Analysis and Intelligence Assessment, Chief Data Officer Group, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK. rabia.a.khan@ukhsa.gov.uk.

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|May 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Historical smallpox outbreak data from Somalia (1976-1977) is now accessible. This study enhances understanding of smallpox transmission during eradication and informs future outbreak control strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health
  • Historical Disease Data Analysis

Background:

  • Smallpox caused millions of deaths globally over millennia.
  • The variola virus, though eradicated in 1980, remains a bioterrorism concern.
  • Controlling eradicated diseases requires analysis of historical outbreak data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To make historical smallpox outbreak data from Somalia (1976-1977) globally accessible.
  • To enhance understanding of smallpox transmission dynamics during the final stages of disease eradication.
  • To provide lessons for managing future infectious disease outbreaks.

Main Methods:

  • Obtained handwritten smallpox outbreak records from the World Health Organization.
  • Manually transcribed 3,255 incident cases into a digital format (Microsoft Excel).
  • Uploaded transcribed data, including case details and location, to the UK Data Service ReShare repository.

Main Results:

  • A comprehensive line list of 3,255 smallpox cases from Somalia (1976-1977) has been created.
  • The dataset includes variables such as age, sex, rash onset date, detection date, and geographical location.
  • Data is now publicly available for research and analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Global accessibility of historical smallpox data is crucial for understanding disease transmission.
  • This dataset offers valuable insights into smallpox epidemiology during the eradication period in Somalia.
  • Lessons learned can inform strategies for future disease control and bioterrorism preparedness.