Disruption of HOX Gene Regulation by Bisphenol A and Its Analogs: Epigenetic and Molecular Insights in Developmental...

Bisphenol A (BPA), Bisphenol S (BPS), and Bisphenol F (BPF) are industrial chemicals with proven endocrine-disrupting activity. BPA, BPS, and BPF have estrogen-like activity and affect hormone action, leading to developmental toxicity. Recent data have proven that BPA, BPS, and BPF affect Homeobox (HOX) gene expression, which is crucial for development and organogenesis.

An extensive literature survey was conducted using Google Scholar and PubMed, including literature published until 2025. The literature search was performed using various keywords like "Bisphenol A," "Bisphenol F," "Bisphenol S," "homeobox genes," "epigenetic regulation," and "developmental toxicity".

From the literature survey, it was clearly proven that BPA and its derivatives have a high impact if exposed during fetal development. Epigenetic changes in HOX gene clusters, changes in histone modification patterns, and increased oxidative stress levels are major areas of concern regarding developmental toxicity, which can affect fetal development, including neural development, sexual differentiation, and bone formation, all of which are crucial for embryogenesis and organogenesis.

The literature review revealed that BPA and its derivatives, though claimed to be safer, are as toxic as BPA and, in some instances, are even more toxic to the developing fetus. The mechanistic action of bisphenols and the dysregulation of HOX gene expression are important steps towards understanding the teratogenic potential of BPA and its derivatives.

BPA, BPF, and BPS are major concerns for embryonic development, as these chemicals affect the regulation of HOX gene expression and the signaling pathways that are crucial for embryonic development. Regulatory action and the development of safer chemicals are important for the health and safety of the fetus and for reducing the potential for developmental hazards.