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Related Concept Videos

Infection01:20

Infection

When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
Reservoir of Infection01:30

Reservoir of Infection

Infectious diseases arise from intricate interactions between pathogens and their reservoirs. A reservoir of infection refers to the natural habitat where a pathogen lives, grows, and multiplies, serving as a continual source of infection. Reservoirs are broadly classified as either living or nonliving, and each plays a unique role in disease transmission, significantly influencing public health interventions and control strategies.Humans act as reservoirs for a wide array of pathogens,...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...
Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Colonisation of Pathogens01:25

Colonisation of Pathogens

Pathogen colonization of host tissues is a critical step in the development of infectious diseases. Various pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa, have evolved complex strategies to attach to, invade, and persist within host environments. These mechanisms enable pathogens to establish infections, evade immune responses, and resist antimicrobial treatments.Attachment to Host CellsIn bacteria, colonization typically begins with adherence to host epithelial...
Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria01:10

Intracellular Movement of Viruses and Bacteria

Intracellular bacteria and viruses often comprise a group of highly infectious pathogens that can cause several diseases. Bacterial pathogens include those belonging to the genus Rickettsia responsible for conditions such as rocky mountain spotted fever and the Mediterranean spotted fever; Chlamydia, a genus responsible for a sexually transmitted disease; Coxiella burnetii, an agent responsible for Q fever. Viral pathogens include vaccinia—a poxvirus, and herpes simplex virus—a virus that...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 16, 2026

Experimental Viral Infection in Adult Mosquitoes by Oral Feeding and Microinjection
08:02

Experimental Viral Infection in Adult Mosquitoes by Oral Feeding and Microinjection

Published on: July 28, 2022

Potential entry pathways for 25 vector-borne disease agents.

, Sofie Dhollander, Ieva Baltusyte

    EFSA Journal. European Food Safety Authority
    |May 15, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This report identifies how 25 vector-borne diseases (VBDs) could enter EU states, focusing on pathways like animal movement and vector dispersal. It aids future risk assessments for animal health and public safety.

    Keywords:
    European Unionanimal movementsnon‐vectorial pathwaysrisk assessment supportrisk for introductionvector‐borne diseasesvector‐related pathways

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    Area of Science:

    • Veterinary Epidemiology
    • Infectious Disease Ecology
    • Public Health Entomology

    Background:

    • Vector-borne diseases (VBDs) pose a significant threat to animal and public health in the European Union (EU).
    • Currently, EU Member States are free from 25 selected VBDs, necessitating proactive identification of potential introduction pathways.
    • Understanding these pathways is crucial for effective risk assessment and prevention strategies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify and classify potential entry pathways for 25 selected vector-borne diseases into EU Member States.
    • To provide a preparatory step for subsequent EU-level risk assessments concerning disease introduction, spread, and impact.
    • To differentiate between vector-related and non-vectorial entry routes.

    Main Methods:

    • Structured narrative literature reviews were conducted to gather evidence.
    • Expert judgment was used to complement the literature review findings.
    • Entry pathways were categorized as vector-related or non-vectorial, with a conservative approach excluding only epidemiologically irrelevant routes.

    Main Results:

    • Vector-related pathways include tick movement on animals, sandfly dispersal, wind-borne midge dispersal (for Culicoides-borne pathogens), and mosquito introduction via aircraft.
    • Non-vectorial pathways primarily involve the movement of live animals (livestock, pets, wildlife) and, to a lesser extent, germinal products and animal products.
    • Specific pathways were identified for tick-borne, sandfly-borne, Culicoides-borne, mosquito-borne (including West Nile virus), and mechanically transmitted pathogens.

    Conclusions:

    • The report establishes a structured framework for assessing VBD introduction pathways into the EU.
    • Identifying these pathways is a critical first step for comprehensive risk assessment and mitigation planning.
    • This work supports enhanced preparedness and response mechanisms against VBDs in the EU.