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Related Concept Videos

Role of Shaping in Operant Conditioning01:19

Role of Shaping in Operant Conditioning

Shaping is a technique used in operant conditioning to train complex behaviors by rewarding successive approximations toward the target behavior. This method is necessary because organisms are unlikely to perform complex behaviors spontaneously. Instead, shaping breaks down the desired behavior into small, manageable steps.
The steps involved in shaping begin with reinforcing any response that resembles the desired behavior. For example, parents might praise a child for picking up one toy. As...
State Space Representation01:27

State Space Representation

The frequency-domain technique, commonly used in analyzing and designing feedback control systems, is effective for linear, time-invariant systems. However, it falls short when dealing with nonlinear, time-varying, and multiple-input multiple-output systems. The time-domain or state-space approach addresses these limitations by utilizing state variables to construct simultaneous, first-order differential equations, known as state equations, for an nth-order system.
Consider an RLC circuit, a...
Tagging and Fusion Proteins01:24

Tagging and Fusion Proteins

Proteins are involved in several cellular processes and biochemical reactions. Analyzing a specific protein of interest requires it to be isolated from the other proteins in the cell. This is achieved by overexpressing the specific gene in a suitable host to produce large quantities of the target protein. A tag or label is recombined with the gene to produce a fusion protein containing the target protein and the tag. The tags on these fusion proteins can then be used for easy detection and...
Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error00:59

Propagation of Uncertainty from Random Error

An experiment often consists of more than a single step. In this case, measurements at each step give rise to uncertainty. Because the measurements occur in successive steps, the uncertainty in one step necessarily contributes to that in the subsequent step. As we perform statistical analysis on these types of experiments, we must learn to account for the propagation of uncertainty from one step to the next. The propagation of uncertainty depends on the type of arithmetic operation performed on...
Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
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Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this particular...

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Related Experiment Videos

High-security probabilistic shaping method via chaotic tagging.

Qingwei Wang, Bo Liu, Jianxin Ren

    Optics Letters
    |May 15, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces a secure 16-7 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) method using chaotic tagging for enhanced optical communication. The novel approach improves receiver sensitivity and ensures robust physical layer security with a large key space.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Area of Science:

    • Optical Communications
    • Physical Layer Security
    • Digital Signal Processing

    Background:

    • Probabilistic shaping is crucial for optimizing optical communication systems.
    • Existing methods for enhancing security in optical transmissions often compromise performance.
    • There is a need for integrated solutions that improve both transmission efficiency and data security.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose a novel high-security probabilistic shaping 16-7QAM mapping method.
    • To enhance receiver sensitivity and physical layer security in optical fiber systems.
    • To evaluate the impact of chaotic tagging on transmission performance.

    Main Methods:

    • A constellation-level chaotic tagging rule is devised, re-mapping 4-bit symbols to 3-bit modulation symbols.
    • A Lorenz chaotic system generates a chaotic sequence for a 2-bit tag, forming a constellation-level chaotic tag.
    • The final output combines signal points with chaotic tags, creating 7 signal points per constellation.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a 0.49 dB improvement in receiver sensitivity at a 3.8 × 10-3 bit error rate compared to conventional 16-QAM.
    • The encryption scheme minimally impacted the probabilistic shaping signal's transmission performance.
    • The key space reached 10105, ensuring robust physical layer security.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed probabilistic shaping 16-7QAM with chaotic tagging offers enhanced transmission performance and strong physical layer security.
    • The method provides a significant improvement in receiver sensitivity without degrading signal integrity.
    • This approach represents a promising solution for secure and efficient optical communication systems.