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Related Concept Videos

General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Transcription Factors02:16

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
Eukaryotic Transcription Activators02:42

Eukaryotic Transcription Activators

Transcription activators are proteins that promote the transcription of genes from DNA to RNA. In most cases, these proteins contain two separate domains ‒ a domain that binds to DNA and a domain for activating transcription; however, in some cases, a single domain is responsible for both binding and activation of transcription, as seen in the glucocorticoid receptor and MyoD.
The binding domains are capable of recognizing and interacting with regulatory sequences on the DNA. These domains are...
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...

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Two distinct SWI/SNF complexes direct chromatin-linked transcriptional programs in <i>Toxoplasma</i>.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Forward Genetics Screens Using Macrophages to Identify Toxoplasma gondii Genes Important for Resistance to IFN-&#947;-Dependent Cell Autonomous Immunity
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Two distinct SWI/SNF complexes direct chromatin-linked transcriptional programs in Toxoplasma.

Dominic Schwarz1,2, Benicio Tapia1,2, Sebastian Lourido3,4

  • 1Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Nature Communications
|May 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Two SWI3 complexes in Toxoplasma, involving TgSNF2a and TgSNF2b, regulate gene transcription. TgSNF2a drives timely gene expression, while TgSNF2b maintains overall transcriptional ability during cell cycles and development.

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Forward Genetics Screens Using Macrophages to Identify Toxoplasma gondii Genes Important for Resistance to IFN-γ-Dependent Cell Autonomous Immunity

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Transnuclear Mice with Pre-defined T Cell Receptor Specificities Against Toxoplasma gondii Obtained Via SCNT
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QTL Mapping and CRISPR/Cas9 Editing to Identify a Drug Resistance Gene in Toxoplasma gondii

Published on: June 22, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Parasitology

Background:

  • Chromatin remodeling complexes regulate gene expression in eukaryotes.
  • Understanding the functional specificity of diverse remodeler subtypes is crucial.
  • Apicomplexan parasites like Toxoplasma gondii possess a simplified set of chromatin remodelers, offering a unique model for studying complex function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define the composition and distinct roles of SWI3 complexes in Toxoplasma.
  • To investigate the functional specificity of homologous ATPase proteins, TgSNF2a and TgSNF2b.
  • To elucidate the coordination and regulation of chromatin remodelers during the parasite cell cycle and development.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive analysis of the Myb protein family in Toxoplasma.
  • Characterization of two SWI3 complexes with mutually exclusive ATPase homologs (TgSNF2a and TgSNF2b).
  • Integration of transcriptomics with custom chromatin-profiling strategies, including cell cycle-resolved profiling.

Main Results:

  • Two distinct SWI3 complexes, each with either TgSNF2a or TgSNF2b, were identified.
  • TgSNF2a is essential for the timely transcription of specific genes.
  • TgSNF2b maintains global transcriptional competency across the cell cycle and developmental stages.
  • Cell cycle-resolved profiling revealed a dynamic shift in TgSNF2b and TgSNF2a occupancy on genes transitioning to active transcription.

Conclusions:

  • TgSNF2a and TgSNF2b exhibit distinct yet interdependent regulatory roles in gene expression.
  • Their functions are modulated by the specific chromatin context.
  • This study provides novel insights into the functional diversification of SWI/SNF complexes in eukaryotes, using Toxoplasma as a model.