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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus01:22

Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 17, 2026

Laser Doppler: A Tool for Measuring Pancreatic Islet Microvascular Vasomotion In Vivo
10:39

Laser Doppler: A Tool for Measuring Pancreatic Islet Microvascular Vasomotion In Vivo

Published on: March 8, 2018

Diabetes Is a Hyperdynamic Circulatory Disease.

Emma H J Malm1, Rakin Hadad1, Walid Warrad1

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.

Acta Physiologica (Oxford, England)
|May 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is linked to a hyperdynamic circulation, characterized by increased cardiac index and decreased systemic vascular resistance. This finding suggests a potential intrinsic circulatory feature of T2D requiring further investigation.

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Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion
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Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

Published on: March 20, 2017

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Last Updated: May 17, 2026

Laser Doppler: A Tool for Measuring Pancreatic Islet Microvascular Vasomotion In Vivo
10:39

Laser Doppler: A Tool for Measuring Pancreatic Islet Microvascular Vasomotion In Vivo

Published on: March 8, 2018

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion
08:22

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

Published on: March 20, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • A hyperdynamic circulation has been hypothesized in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).
  • Understanding circulatory changes in T2D is crucial for managing cardiovascular complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hypothesis of a hyperdynamic circulation in patients with type 2 diabetes.
  • To assess cardiac index (CI) and systemic vascular resistance (SVR) in T2D patients.

Main Methods:

  • Noninvasive estimation of CI and SVR in 933 hospitalized patients, including 154 with T2D.
  • Analysis using linear regression models and propensity matching, adjusted for various clinical factors.

Main Results:

  • Patients with T2D exhibited a 17% higher CI (p < 0.0001) and a 24% lower SVR (p < 0.0001) compared to those without T2D.
  • T2D was independently associated with increased CI and decreased SVR, even after adjustments and propensity matching.
  • Insulin-treated T2D patients showed significantly higher CI and lower SVR than non-insulin-treated T2D patients.

Conclusions:

  • Findings support hyperdynamic circulation as an intrinsic feature of T2D.
  • Further research is needed to explore the prognostic relevance and therapeutic implications of these circulatory changes in T2D.