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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
Migration00:53

Migration

Migration is long-range, seasonal movement from one region or habitat to another. This common strategy, carried out by many different organisms around the world, is an adaptive response that typically corresponds to changes in an organism’s environment, like resource availability or climate. Migrations can involve huge groups of thousands of animals as well as single individuals traveling alone and can range from thousands of kilometers to just a few hundred meters.
Isochoric and Isobaric Processes01:21

Isochoric and Isobaric Processes

A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant volume is called an isochoric process. According to the first law of thermodynamics, heat supplied or removed from the system is partially utilized to perform work and change the internal energy of the system. However, in an isochoric process, the volume remains constant. Hence, the work done by the system is zero. Therefore, the exchange of heat changes the internal energy of the system only. 
Suppose 1000 g of water is heated from 40 degrees...
Coriolis Force01:23

Coriolis Force

An accelerating particle experiences a force equal to the mass multiplied by the acceleration in an inertial frame of reference. Consider a particle in a non-inertial frame of reference, such as a sliding ball on a rotating table. The acceleration of the ball in this rotating reference frame is different than in the intertial frame, which modifies its equation of motion. The fictitious forces acting additionally on a rotating frame of reference alter Newton's Second Law expression. Centripetal...
What is Climate?01:16

What is Climate?

Climate refers to the prevailing weather conditions in a specific area over an extended period. As the saying goes, “Climate is what you expect. Weather is what you get.” Climate is influenced by geographic factors, such as latitude, terrain, and proximity to bodies of water.
Gene Flow02:39

Gene Flow

Gene flow is the transfer of genes among populations, resulting from either the dispersal of gametes or from the migration of individuals.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 18, 2026

Evolution of Staircase Structures in Diffusive Convection
07:28

Evolution of Staircase Structures in Diffusive Convection

Published on: September 5, 2018

Migration of the intertropical convergence zone driven by ocean circulation changes.

Yaru Guo1,2, Aixue Hu3, Gerald A Meehl1

  • 1National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA.

Nature Communications
|May 16, 2026
PubMed
Summary

The Intertropical Convergence Zone

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 18, 2026

Evolution of Staircase Structures in Diffusive Convection
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Area of Science:

  • Climate Science
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Oceanography

Background:

  • The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) significantly influences global precipitation and has profound socioeconomic and environmental consequences.
  • Uncertainty surrounds the future positioning of the ITCZ, a critical factor in climate projections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the risks of the ITCZ crossing critical thresholds.
  • To investigate the drivers of recent observed southward ITCZ shifts.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of reanalysis data.
  • Evaluation of Earth system model simulations (CMIP6).
  • Execution of targeted sensitivity experiments.

Main Results:

  • Only about one-third of CMIP6 models accurately simulate a southward ITCZ shift consistent with recent observations.
  • A significant weakening of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is required for this observed ITCZ shift.
  • A collapsed AMOC can drive the ITCZ into the Southern Hemisphere independently of base state warming.

Conclusions:

  • The recent southward ITCZ migration is consistent with a weakened AMOC.
  • Coupled atmosphere-ocean interactions are crucial for understanding ITCZ dynamics.
  • Changes in ITCZ position due to AMOC weakening can lead to significant alterations in global rainfall patterns.