Advances in forehead flap nasal reconstruction: from design to division

The forehead flap is a cornerstone of reconstruction for large and complex nasal defects. Despite its ancient origins, flap design, staging, and perioperative management continue to evolve. This review summarizes contemporary advances and evidence-based considerations that inform modern use of the forehead flap.

Improved anatomical understanding of the supratrochlear and dorsal nasal arterial systems has enabled alternative pedicle designs, which may reduce hair transposition and eyebrow distortion while maintaining reliable perfusion. Donor site management strategies favor primary closure and secondary intention healing over skin grafting to optimize cosmesis. While the traditional two-stage approach remains standard, selected patients may benefit from single-stage reconstruction or three-stage techniques. Objective tools such as indocyanine green angiography and Doppler ultrasonography have been explored to guide earlier pedicle division in select patients. Overall complication rates remain low, with smoking, full-thickness defects and cartilage grafting associated with increased risks of bleeding and infection.

The forehead flap remains a highly reliable and versatile reconstructive option for nasal defects. Contemporary modifications in flap design, staging and donor site management allow surgeons to optimize both functional and aesthetic outcomes.