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Choice with ethical outcomes: Sign effect, commodity effect, and ethical theory preference.

David J Cox1,2, Claudia Diaz-Salvat1,3, Laura Weil1

  • 1Endicott College, Beverly, MA, USA.

Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior
|May 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Behavioral economics principles apply to clinical-ethical choices, but ethical decisions may not align with monetary ones. Further research is needed to refine methods for studying ethical decision-making using behavioral economics.

Keywords:
commodity effectethical choiceprobability discountingsign effect

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Economics
  • Clinical Ethics
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • Behavioral economics offers insights into choice, increasingly applied to clinical-ethical decisions.
  • Common behavioral economics effects (e.g., framing, discounting) are observed in ethical choices.
  • Existing research uses experimental methods that differ from standard discounting procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate ethical probability discounting using standard adjusting-amount procedures.
  • To compare discounting of monetary versus ethical outcomes.
  • To explore correlations between discounting rates, ethical theory preference, and decision-making.

Main Methods:

  • Employed adjusting-amount procedures for ethical probability discounting.
  • Utilized a multiple-stimulus-without-replacement procedure for ethical theory preference.
  • Compared discounting of monetary and ethical outcomes, including violations versus compliance.

Main Results:

  • Monetary outcomes were discounted more steeply than ethical outcomes.
  • Ethical violations were discounted more steeply than ethical compliance.
  • No significant correlations were found among discounting tasks or between ethical theory preference and ethical discounting.

Conclusions:

  • Behavioral economics effects are present in ethical decision-making.
  • Ethical choices may not be predictable by monetary choices or standard behavioral economics measures.
  • Current methods may require adaptation for studying clinical-ethical decision-making.