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Muscles that Move the Arm

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears

Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: January 23, 2026

Rotator cuff disease, repair and augmentation.

Andrew Isaac Brash¹, Laith Jazrawi²

¹NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, New York, New York.

Bulletin of the Hospital for Joint Disease (2013)

|May 18, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Rotator cuff disease (RCD) significantly impacts shoulder function. While surgical repair and augmentation strategies reduce structural failure, their clinical benefits require further investigation for optimal patient outcomes.

Keywords:

biological augmentation graft augmentation orthopedic biomechanics rotator cuff disease rotator cuff repair shoulder surgery tendon healing

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Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

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Published on: March 6, 2026

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Last Updated: May 19, 2026

Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears

Knotless Independent Double-Row Repair and Biceps Augmentation for Anterosuperior Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: January 23, 2026

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Modified Long Head of Biceps Tendon Rerouting and Fixation as Partial Capsular Reconstruction for Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears

Published on: March 6, 2026

Area of Science:

Orthopedics
Regenerative Medicine
Biomaterials Science

Background:

Rotator cuff disease (RCD) is a primary cause of shoulder disability, involving tendon degeneration.
Current surgical repairs face challenges in biological healing, leading to frequent re-tears.
Augmentation strategies aim to enhance tendon healing and reduce repair failure.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current understanding of rotator cuff disease pathophysiology and natural history.
To summarize treatment strategies, surgical repair techniques, and healing mechanisms.
To evaluate the role and clinical benefits of augmentation in rotator cuff repair.

Main Methods:

Literature review of rotator cuff disease pathophysiology.
Analysis of current surgical repair techniques and augmentation strategies.
Synthesis of data on biological healing mechanisms and clinical outcomes.

Main Results:

Augmentation strategies show promise in reducing structural failure after rotator cuff repair.
The clinical benefits and long-term efficacy of augmentation require further investigation.
Advancements in biologic therapies and graft technologies are crucial for improving outcomes.

Conclusions:

Optimizing rotator cuff repair outcomes necessitates continued research into biologic therapies and graft innovations.
Long-term clinical studies are essential to define best practices for augmentation.
Further understanding of RCD healing mechanisms will guide future treatment strategies.