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Related Concept Videos

Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 19, 2026

Development and Application of Rapamycin-regulated Tyrosine Phosphatases
06:56

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Published on: September 6, 2024

Environmental Regulation and Gene-by-Environment Interaction Influence RAP1 Activity and its Impact on Gene

Siddhant Kalra1, Guadalupe Sanchez1, Alexandra Stubin1

  • 1Department of Biology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06457, United States of America.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|May 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Gene-by-environment interactions are crucial for health. Studying the yeast transcription factor RAP1 in different conditions revealed environment-specific gene regulation, highlighting complex genotype-environment interplay.

Keywords:
Environmental stressGene co-expression networksGene–environment interactionsNetwork analysisRAP1RNA sequencingSaccharomyces cerevisiaeTet-Off systemTranscription factorTranscriptional regulation

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Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome
07:23

Describing a Transcription Factor Dependent Regulation of the MicroRNA Transcriptome

Published on: June 15, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Gene-by-environment (GxE) interactions significantly influence phenotypic and molecular variation, impacting human health and disease.
  • Understanding how genetic perturbations manifest differently across environments is key to deciphering complex biological systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of titrating the essential yeast transcription factor Repressor Activator Protein 1 (RAP1) expression across distinct environments.
  • To elucidate global transcriptional responses and identify GxE interactions using RNA sequencing.
  • To explore how environmental context shapes gene regulatory networks and influences the effects of genetic variation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a Doxycycline (Dox)-regulated, tetracycline-responsive (Tet-Off) promoter system to control RAP1 expression levels in yeast.
  • Assessed global transcriptional responses via RNA sequencing (RNA Seq) across three environments: Yeast Peptone Dextrose (YPD), YPD with Heat Shock (HS), and Yeast Peptone Acetate (YPAC).
  • Employed Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) and transcription factor motif enrichment tests to identify regulatory modules and candidate regulators.

Main Results:

  • Identified a subset of genes with significant transcriptional responses to RAP1 reduction, exhibiting environment-specific expression patterns.
  • Observed opposite effects of RAP1 titration on gene expression in YPAC media compared to YPD and/or HS conditions, indicating environment-dependent regulatory architecture.
  • Discovered co-regulated gene modules and identified candidate regulators influencing gene expression dynamics under varying environmental conditions.

Conclusions:

  • Gene regulatory networks are highly dynamic and context-dependent, varying significantly with environmental cues.
  • The study provides a deeper understanding of GxE architecture, demonstrating how cells integrate internal regulatory changes with external environmental signals.
  • Comprehensive analysis of gene function requires studying them across multiple environments to capture their diverse roles and interactions.