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Updated: May 19, 2026

Generation of Defined Genomic Modifications Using CRISPR-CAS9 in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells
Published on: September 25, 2019
Genetic Engineering of Human Keratinocytes Using CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein Complexes or Modified Cas9-Encoding
Jaimy A Klijnhout1, Eline A W Senders1, Ellen H van den Bogaard1
1Department of Dermatology, Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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CRISPR/Cas9 is a straightforward genome-editing technique that is implemented across disciplines and research areas. However, in keratinocytes, CRISPR/Cas9 can be particularly difficult due to variable genome-editing efficiency, reduced cell viability, and difficulties during (sub)cloning of gene-edited keratinocyte populations. Here, we provide a step-by-step detailed protocol for the genetic manipulation of human (primary) keratinocytes, including widely accepted procedures for the analysis of CRISPR/Cas9 efficiency, (sub)cloning procedures to select heterozygous or homozygous keratinocytes, and off-target genome-editing analysis.
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