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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Polarization and Characterization of M1 and M2 Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages on Implant Surfaces
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Polarization and Characterization of M1 and M2 Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages on Implant Surfaces

Published on: December 6, 2024

Titanium Dioxide Particle Size Influences Macrophage Signal Switch Towards Osteogenesis In Vitro.

K G Aghila Rani1, Zuha Rizvi1, Savitha Suresh1

  • 1Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences RIMHS, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

International Dental Journal
|May 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Titanium dioxide microparticles (MPs) and nanoparticles (NPs) differentially affect macrophage signaling. Nanoparticles promote bone formation, while microparticles favor bone resorption, highlighting size-dependent osteo-immunomodulation.

Keywords:
MacrophagesMicroparticlesNanoparticlesOsteoblastsOsteogenesisTitanium dioxide

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Distinctive Capillary Action by Micro-channels in Bone-like Templates can Enhance Recruitment of Cells for Restoration of Large Bony Defect

Published on: September 11, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is widely used in biomedical implants.
  • Understanding TiO2 particle interactions with immune and bone cells is crucial for implant success.
  • The influence of TiO2 particle size on osteogenesis and immune responses requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of TiO2 microparticles (MPs) and nanoparticles (NPs) on macrophage behavior.
  • To determine the downstream effects of TiO2 MPs and NPs on osteoblast (HOB) functionality in vitro.
  • To elucidate the role of particle size in TiO2-mediated osteo-immunomodulation.

Main Methods:

  • THP-1 derived macrophages were exposed to TiO2 MPs and NPs.
  • Macrophage conditioned medium (CM) was applied to human osteoblast (HOB) cells.
  • Cell viability, gene and protein expression, RANKL/OPG ratio, and matrix mineralization were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • TiO2 MPs and NPs were non-toxic to macrophages.
  • Exposure to both MP and NP CM induced pro-inflammatory responses in HOB cells.
  • TiO2 NP CM enhanced osteogenic activity (RUNX2, ALP, collagen I, mineralization) and lowered RANKL/OPG ratio.
  • TiO2 MP CM induced stronger inflammatory responses.

Conclusions:

  • TiO2 particle size dictates macrophage signaling towards either bone formation (nano) or resorption (micro).
  • TiO2 MPs and NPs play a critical role in modulating osteo-immune responses.
  • These findings have implications for designing TiO2-based biomaterials for bone regeneration and implant applications.