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Related Concept Videos

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but this inhibition is released...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Aging01:26

Aging

Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
Insulin remains the cornerstone of treatment for most patients with type 1 and many...

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Updated: May 20, 2026

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People
12:59

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Published on: July 5, 2017

Rethinking insulin resistance in aging: A reserve-oriented clinical framework.

Virginia Boccardi1, Alan J Sinclair2

  • 1Division of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia 06132, Italy.

Ageing Research Reviews
|May 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Aging significantly increases insulin resistance (IR) in older adults due to systemic physiological decline. This review explores mechanisms like muscle loss and inflammation contributing to IR and its impact on brain health.

Keywords:
AgeingInsulinResilienceStress

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Metabolic Health
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Aging is a primary driver of insulin resistance (IR), impacting glucose metabolism and increasing risks for metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurological disorders.
  • In older adults, IR stems from multi-organ system decline rather than isolated signaling defects.
  • Understanding the systemic nature of age-related IR is crucial for developing effective interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the metabolic, inflammatory, and hormonal pathways linking aging to insulin resistance.
  • To highlight the roles of skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, mitochondrial function, inflammation, and cellular senescence.
  • To examine the impact of IR on brain metabolism and cognitive function in aging.

Main Methods:

  • This is a narrative review, synthesizing existing research on aging and insulin resistance.
  • Key areas examined include sarcopenia, myosteatosis, visceral adipose tissue expansion, adipocyte senescence, inflammaging, and endocrine changes.
  • The review also considers the link between IR and cognitive decline, depression, and frailty.

Main Results:

  • Age-related sarcopenia and myosteatosis impair glucose uptake.
  • Visceral fat expansion and senescent adipocytes create an inflammatory, insulin-desensitizing environment.
  • Inflammaging, mitochondrial dysfunction, and hormonal imbalances exacerbate IR.
  • Systemic IR affects brain metabolism, contributing to cognitive decline and other neurological issues.

Conclusions:

  • Aging-related insulin resistance is a complex, multisystem failure of metabolic resilience.
  • Interventions should integrate lifestyle changes, pharmacology, and geroscience-based therapies.
  • A holistic approach is needed to manage IR and its consequences in older adults.