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Related Concept Videos

Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task
05:31

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

Published on: February 26, 2020

Dual-EEG Reveals Adaptive Bilingual Language Control During Active and Observational Learning: Evidence From a

Fanghui Ge1,2, Yufeng Zhou1,2, Xiyuan Wang1,2

  • 1Institute of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Liaoning Normal University.

Cognitive Science
|May 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Bilinguals adapt their language control using social feedback. They learn from rewards and prediction errors, showing flexible cognitive control in social interactions.

Keywords:
Adaptive control hypothesisDelta‐band powerLanguage controlObservational learningReinforcement learning model

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Bilinguals employ language control to manage multiple languages, suppressing interference and enabling switching.
  • Adaptive language control allows flexible switching based on context, crucial for bilinguals.
  • Reinforcement learning offers a framework to study adaptive behavior by modeling strategy updates based on reward prediction errors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how social reward signals shape bilingual language control.
  • To explore the computational mechanisms underlying adaptive bilingual behavior in social contexts.

Main Methods:

  • Dual-electroencephalography (EEG) was used to record brain activity in bilingual participants.
  • Participants engaged in voluntary language switching tasks, alternating between active and observational learning roles.
  • Computational modeling (dual-sensitivity model) was employed to analyze behavioral data.

Main Results:

  • Behavioral data were best explained by a dual-sensitivity model, indicating distinct weighting of self- and other-feedback.
  • EEG analysis showed reliance on expected values during active learning and prediction errors during observational learning.
  • Delta band activity was modulated by these learning signals, reflecting adaptive control adjustments.

Conclusions:

  • Reward signals dynamically modulate bilingual language control via expected values and prediction errors.
  • Bilinguals exhibit adaptive cognitive control during social interactions, integrating social feedback into language management.
  • Findings provide novel insights into the neural and computational basis of flexible bilingualism in social settings.