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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)

Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 20, 2026

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

Published on: April 22, 2016

Alkyne-Based Two-Component Polymerizations for AIE-Active Materials: Methodological Breakthroughs and Functional

Qingqing Gao¹, Runqiao Chen¹, Hongyu Wang¹

¹School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications

|May 19, 2026

Summary

Alkyne-based polymerization enables the creation of advanced polymers with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) features. This review details new methods for synthesizing these functional luminescent materials and their diverse applications.

Keywords:

aggregation‐induced emission alkyne monomer functional polymers two‐component polymerization

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Last Updated: May 20, 2026

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

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Published on: April 22, 2016

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Polymer Chemistry
Organic Chemistry

Background:

Polymers with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) are functional luminescent materials with efficient solid-state fluorescence, processability, and versatility.
Alkyne-based two-component polymerizations offer a robust and efficient synthetic route for these materials.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent methodological advancements in alkyne-based two-component polymerization for AIE polymers.
To illustrate representative applications of the synthesized AIE polymers.
To discuss current challenges and future directions in the field.

Main Methods:

Focuses on alkyne-based two-component polymerization strategies.
Highlights the translation of small-molecule reactions to macromolecular systems.
Reviews established and novel protocols for polymer synthesis.

Main Results:

Demonstrates the efficiency, regioselectivity, and mild conditions of alkyne-based polymerizations.
Showcases the ability to engineer polymers with tailored backbones and functionalities.
Presents diverse applications of the resulting AIE polymers.

Conclusions:

Alkyne-based two-component polymerization is a powerful platform for developing advanced AIE polymers.
Continued methodological innovation promises further expansion of their applications.
The field is poised for significant future advancements in material design and utility.