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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Leukocyte disorders can lead to either leukopenia, characterized by an abnormally low leukocyte count, or leukocytosis, marked by a very high leukocyte number.
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Acute leukemias with expression of CD56.

Alexa J Siddon1,2, Christine Kahlow3, Olga K Weinberg3

  • 1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States.

American Journal of Clinical Pathology
|May 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

CD56 expression in acute leukemias presents diagnostic challenges but offers valuable insights. Its detection aids in differential diagnosis and risk stratification for better patient management.

Keywords:
acute leukemiaflow cytometryhematopathologyimmunophenotyping

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Area of Science:

  • Hematology
  • Immunophenotyping
  • Leukemia Classification

Background:

  • Acute leukemia classification increasingly relies on genetic drivers.
  • CD56, a neural cell adhesion molecule isoform, is expressed on NK cells but aberrantly found in various acute leukemias.
  • Aberrant CD56 expression can complicate diagnosis and impact clinical outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diagnostic and clinical significance of CD56 expression in acute leukemias.
  • To examine the role of CD56 immunophenotyping within current classification frameworks.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current classification systems.
  • Analysis of relevant scientific literature on CD56 immunophenotyping in acute leukemias.

Main Results:

  • CD56 is expressed in diverse acute leukemias including AML, NK lymphoblastic leukemia, acute undifferentiated leukemia, and BPDCN.
  • In AML, CD56 correlates with extramedullary disease, treatment resistance, and poorer survival.
  • CD56 is a key but nonspecific marker in NK lymphoblastic leukemia and BPDCN, requiring integrated diagnostic approaches with other markers.

Conclusions:

  • CD56-positive acute leukemias are diagnostically complex and biologically varied.
  • Flow cytometry detection of CD56 aids differential diagnosis, risk stratification, and minimal residual disease assessment.
  • Precise identification of CD56-positive neoplasms is crucial for risk-adapted therapy and optimized patient outcomes.