Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Vestibular System01:29

The Vestibular System

The vestibular system is a set of inner ear structures that provide a sense of balance and spatial orientation. This system is comprised of structures within the labyrinth of the inner ear, including the cochlea and two otolith organs—the utricle and saccule. The labyrinth also contains three semicircular canals—superior, posterior, and horizontal—that are oriented on different planes.
Motor Unit Stimulation01:20

Motor Unit Stimulation

When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
The latent period of contraction marks the onset of excitation-contraction coupling, when the action potential propagates across the sarcolemma, preparing the muscle fibers for contraction. As the fibers enter the contraction phase, the...
Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

Muscle Stimulation Frequency

The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
Wave summation
At low firing rates, motor neurons induce individual twitch contractions in muscle fibers. These twitches...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Eye-head coordination during goal-directed orienting in mice.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Eye-head coordination during goal-directed orienting in mice.

Communications biology·2026
Same author

Balance Disorders in Young and Middle-Aged Adults: NHANES, 2001-2004 and 2021-2023.

The Laryngoscope·2026
Same author

Effects of Electrode Position on Vestibular Implant Performance in Rhesus Macaque.

Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : JARO·2026
Same author

The Acoustic Neuroma-7 Score: An Externally Validated Tool Predicting Facial Nerve Outcome After Vestibular Schwannoma Surgery.

Neurosurgery·2025
Same author

Impact of Balance and Dizziness Problems on Falls in Older Adults: The Longitudinal AGES-Reykjavik Study.

Laryngoscope investigative otolaryngology·2025
Same journal

Ultra-flexible wireless endovascular stimulator for cortical simulation.

Journal of neural engineering·2026
Same journal

Influence of frequency and pulse train duration on respiratory responses during transcutaneous phrenic nerve stimulation in humans.

Journal of neural engineering·2026
Same journal

Dynamic functional graph-Laplacian priors integrated with optimization for EEG source localization.

Journal of neural engineering·2026
Same journal

Unveiling subject-specific causal latency in motor imagery: a physiologically transparent BCI via Riemannian tangent space fusion.

Journal of neural engineering·2026
Same journal

Cross-subject decoding of human neural data for speech Brain Computer Interfaces.

Journal of neural engineering·2026
Same journal

Cognitive and brain function enhancement in Gen X group after personalized, AI supervised EEG-neurofeedback training.

Journal of neural engineering·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Updated Technique for Reliable, Easy, and Tolerated Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Including Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
10:11

Updated Technique for Reliable, Easy, and Tolerated Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Including Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Published on: January 3, 2020

Vestibular peripheral function remains robust after two weeks of continuous ionic direct current stimulation.

Celia Fernández Brillet1, William Mitchel Thomas2, Katherine N Mueller2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America.

Journal of Neural Engineering
|May 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prolonged ionic direct current (iDC) stimulation is safe for neural prostheses. A novel device enabled 14 days of continuous iDC in rodents, showing no loss of function or tissue damage.

Keywords:
SINEiDCionic direct current stimulationmetal–electrolyte interfaceneuromodulationseparated interface nerve electrodevestibular implant

More Related Videos

Stochastic Noise Application for the Assessment of Medial Vestibular Nucleus Neuron Sensitivity In Vitro
06:22

Stochastic Noise Application for the Assessment of Medial Vestibular Nucleus Neuron Sensitivity In Vitro

Published on: August 28, 2019

Using Unidirectional Rotations to Improve Vestibular System Asymmetry in Patients with Vestibular Dysfunction
05:02

Using Unidirectional Rotations to Improve Vestibular System Asymmetry in Patients with Vestibular Dysfunction

Published on: August 30, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Updated Technique for Reliable, Easy, and Tolerated Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Including Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
10:11

Updated Technique for Reliable, Easy, and Tolerated Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Including Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Published on: January 3, 2020

Stochastic Noise Application for the Assessment of Medial Vestibular Nucleus Neuron Sensitivity In Vitro
06:22

Stochastic Noise Application for the Assessment of Medial Vestibular Nucleus Neuron Sensitivity In Vitro

Published on: August 28, 2019

Using Unidirectional Rotations to Improve Vestibular System Asymmetry in Patients with Vestibular Dysfunction
05:02

Using Unidirectional Rotations to Improve Vestibular System Asymmetry in Patients with Vestibular Dysfunction

Published on: August 30, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Neuroscience
  • Implantable Devices

Background:

  • Conventional neural prostheses use pulsed stimulation to avoid electrode issues.
  • Direct current (DC) stimulation offers benefits but has been limited to short durations in vivo.
  • This study addresses the need for safe, long-term DC neuromodulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the physiological and histological effects of prolonged ionic direct current (iDC) stimulation.
  • To assess the safety and efficacy of a novel separated interface nerve electrode (SINE) device for long-term iDC.
  • To determine if continuous iDC at neuromodulatory amplitudes causes adverse effects.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a separated interface nerve electrode (SINE) for long-term iDC.
  • Applied 14 days of continuous iDC to the vestibular periphery in nine chinchillas.
  • Measured vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) before and after stimulation; performed histological analysis.

Main Results:

  • All animals maintained robust vestibular reflex function after 14 days of continuous iDC (up to 30 µA).
  • Histological examination revealed no significant differences between stimulated and control ears.
  • The SINE device successfully delivered prolonged iDC without apparent tissue damage.

Conclusions:

  • Decoupling the electrode-electrolyte interface allows safe, prolonged iDC neuromodulation.
  • Continuous iDC can be delivered long-term without compromising physiological function or causing histological damage.
  • This approach holds promise for advanced neural prosthetics requiring sustained DC stimulation.