[Acute Measles Encephalitis]

Measles is acute and highly infectious. Febrile rash may be complicated by severe pneumonia or encephalitis. Acute measles encephalitis is a rare condition that develops within a few days of the appearance of a rash and presents with high fever, altered consciousness, seizures, and focal neurological signs. It frequently results in death, and survivors often experience residual neurological sequelae. No specific antiviral therapy is available. Management is primarily supportive. In Japan, the incidence is low owing to high vaccination coverage; however, maintaining a two-dose vaccination schedule and addressing unvaccinated adults are crucial for prevention.