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Related Concept Videos

DNA Topoisomerases02:02

DNA Topoisomerases

Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
Types and Mechanism of action
Topoisomerases are divided into two main types.  Type I...
Solvents01:12

Solvents

A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
A...
DNA Packaging00:58

DNA Packaging

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DNA Packaging00:58

DNA Packaging

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Translesion DNA Polymerases02:10

Translesion DNA Polymerases

Translesion (TLS) polymerases rescue stalled DNA polymerases at sites of damaged bases by replacing the replicative polymerase and installing a nucleotide across the damaged site. Doing so, TLS allows additional time for the cell to repair the damage before resuming regular DNA replication.
TLS polymerases are found in all three domains of life - archaea, bacteria, and eukaryotes. Of the different classes of TLS polymerases, members of the Y family are fitted with specialized structures that...
The Replisome03:01

The Replisome

DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with the...

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Updated: May 21, 2026

Synthetic Condensates and Cell-Like Architectures from Amphiphilic DNA Nanostructures
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Synthetic Condensates and Cell-Like Architectures from Amphiphilic DNA Nanostructures

Published on: May 31, 2024

An Overlooked Formulation Variable: Solvent Reshapes DNA Delivery.

Yinghao Li1,2, Bei Qiu1,3, Liang Yao1

  • 1Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland.

ACS Macro Letters
|May 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stock solvent choice significantly impacts nonviral polymeric gene delivery performance. Optimizing polymer-solvent interactions, guided by machine learning, enhances nucleic acid delivery for genetic diseases.

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Published on: October 1, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Gene Therapy
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Nonviral polymeric vectors are promising for nucleic acid delivery.
  • Formulation variables beyond polymer structure are underexplored.
  • Understanding these variables is key to optimizing gene delivery systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate the role of stock solvent in gene delivery performance.
  • To identify key polymer and solvent features influencing transfection efficiency.
  • To develop a data-driven framework for optimizing polymeric gene delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Used end-capped highly branched poly(amino ester) (HPAE) vectors.
  • Employed a structured experimental design and machine learning.
  • Analyzed polymer-solvent interactions and molecular features.

Main Results:

  • Transfection efficiency is primarily governed by polymer features, modulated by polymer-solvent interactions.
  • Key molecular features include polymer size, charge density, and hydrophobic-polar balance.
  • Demonstrated efficient CFTR protein restoration in cystic fibrosis cells and robust in vivo transgene expression.

Conclusions:

  • Stock solvent is a critical and tunable parameter for gene delivery.
  • A data-driven framework can optimize polymeric gene delivery systems.
  • This research advances the development of effective gene therapy vectors.