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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...
Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology01:26

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-I: Introduction

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a long-lasting respiratory condition requiring continuous attention and care. It is a progressive lung disease that leads to breathing challenges due to airflow obstruction. It manifests as persistent respiratory symptoms and restricted airflow resulting from abnormalities in the airways and alveoli, usually due to long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases. COPD mainly consists of two primary conditions: emphysema and chronic bronchitis.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 21, 2026

Aggravation of Myocardial Ischemia upon Particulate Matter Exposure in Atherosclerosis Animal Model
07:35

Aggravation of Myocardial Ischemia upon Particulate Matter Exposure in Atherosclerosis Animal Model

Published on: December 10, 2021

Chronic PM2.5 Exposure Is Associated With Invasively Assessed Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction.

Matteo Manzato1, Parvin Kalhor1, Kai Nogami1

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.

Journal of the American College of Cardiology
|May 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chronic exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is linked to coronary endothelial dysfunction (ED), an early sign of coronary artery disease (CAD). This suggests PM2.5 may be a significant factor in CAD development.

Keywords:
PM(2.5)air pollutioncoronary reactivity testendothelial dysfunction

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Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
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Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies

Published on: October 22, 2014

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Last Updated: May 21, 2026

Aggravation of Myocardial Ischemia upon Particulate Matter Exposure in Atherosclerosis Animal Model
07:35

Aggravation of Myocardial Ischemia upon Particulate Matter Exposure in Atherosclerosis Animal Model

Published on: December 10, 2021

Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
10:11

Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies

Published on: October 22, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Environmental Health Science
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Coronary endothelial dysfunction (ED) is an early indicator of coronary artery disease (CAD).
  • Particulate matter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) is an emerging cardiovascular risk factor, but its specific impact on coronary ED is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between long-term PM2.5 exposure and epicardial endothelial dysfunction (EED).
  • Utilize invasive coronary vasoreactivity testing, the gold standard for assessing EED.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective observational study of 1,485 patients with angina and nonobstructive CAD.
  • Geocoded residential addresses to estimate average monthly PM2.5 exposure over two years preceding testing.
  • Assessed EED using coronary reactivity testing and analyzed associations with PM2.5 using weighted multivariable logistic regression.

Main Results:

  • Each 1 μg/m³ increase in PM2.5 exposure was associated with a significant increase in the odds of EED (OR: 1.078, P=0.007).
  • Patients exposed to PM2.5 above EPA standards were younger with fewer comorbidities but poorer lipid profiles.
  • Results were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and cardiovascular comorbidities.

Conclusions:

  • Chronic exposure to PM2.5 is associated with epicardial coronary ED.
  • Findings suggest a potential biological mechanism linking PM2.5 exposure to the development of CAD.