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Related Concept Videos

Three Force Member01:27

Three Force Member

A rigid body subjected to three forces acting at three points is known as a three-force member. These forces must have concurrent lines of action, except for parallel forces, where the lines of action are parallel.
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Three-Dimensional Force System:Problem Solving

A three-dimensional force system refers to a scenario in which three forces act simultaneously in three different directions. This type of problem is commonly encountered in physics and engineering, where it is necessary to calculate the resultant force on the system, which can then be used to predict or analyze the behavior of the object or structure under consideration.
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Three-Dimensional Force System01:30

Three-Dimensional Force System

In mechanical engineering, a three-dimensional force system is a system of forces acting in three dimensions, with forces applied along the x, y, and z coordinate axes. The three-dimensional force system is an important concept in mechanical engineering, as it allows engineers to understand and analyze the behavior of objects and structures in three dimensions. By understanding the forces acting on a system, engineers can design more efficient and effective mechanical systems that can withstand...

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Head Kinematic Measurements and Finite Element Modeling of Canadian Armed Forces Operators Firing Three Long-Range

Tanvi Seeburrun1,2, Devon C Hartlen1,2, Michael Bustamante1

  • 1Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
|May 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Firing long-range rifles can cause mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) symptoms. This study quantifies head kinematics and brain strain from rifle recoil, finding larger strains with a 0.50 calibre rifle and reduced strain with a recoil mitigation system.

Keywords:
brain strainfinite element head modelhead kinematic responseinstrumented mouthguardlong-range riflemild traumatic brain injuryoccupational injuryrifle recoil

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Neuroscience
  • Military Medicine

Background:

  • Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) symptoms are linked to rifle recoil.
  • Limited physical data exists on head responses to rifle recoil.
  • No standard method quantifies rifle configurations for mitigating head recoil response.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Measure head kinematics from long-range rifle firing.
  • Input kinematic data into a finite element (FE) head model.
  • Compare head responses across different rifle configurations and operators.

Main Methods:

  • Instrumented mouthguards measured head kinematics in volunteers.
  • Three rifle configurations were tested: 0.50 calibre, 0.338 calibre, and 0.338 calibre with a recoil mitigation system (RMS).
  • FE head model used measured kinematics to calculate brain tissue strains via cumulative strain volume (CSV) curves.

Main Results:

  • The 0.50 calibre rifle caused significantly higher brain strains than the 0.338 calibre rifle.
  • The RMS significantly reduced brain strain for the 0.338 calibre rifle.
  • Sagittal plane head rotation was the primary contributor to brain strain.

Conclusions:

  • Foundational data on head kinematics and brain strain from long-range rifle recoil was established.
  • Individual differences in anthropometrics, posture, or technique may influence brain strain.
  • This research is a step towards mitigating recoil-induced brain strain and potential mTBI.