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Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
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From conflict to climate crisis: How wars shape the future environment.

Doorgha Ragoobur1, Sarah A Saran2, Soroush Abolfathi1

  • 1School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.

Journal of Environmental Management
|May 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Military activities represent a significant, underreported source of global greenhouse gas emissions, contributing 5.5% of the total. Enhanced reporting is crucial for accurate climate policy and achieving Paris Agreement targets.

Keywords:
Carbon emissionClimate changeConflictEnvironmental degradationEnvironmental managementMilitary emissions

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Climate Policy
  • International Relations

Background:

  • Military activities are a significant blind spot in global climate policy.
  • Current reporting mechanisms to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change are insufficient, covering less than 10% of actual military emissions.
  • The environmental impacts span pre-conflict, active conflict, and post-conflict phases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and synthesize evidence on the environmental impacts of military activities.
  • To assess greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, water systems, agricultural land, food security, and natural ecosystems affected by military operations.
  • To identify gaps in climate accounting and governance frameworks related to military emissions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of 263 studies and 36 reports published between 2014 and 2025.
  • Adherence to the PRISMA framework for study selection and data extraction.
  • Analysis focused on four interconnected environmental domains across different conflict phases.

Main Results:

  • Military operations contribute an estimated 5.5% of global GHG emissions, making the world's militaries the fourth-largest emitter if considered a single entity.
  • Hidden emissions are prevalent across the entire lifecycle of military activities, from manufacturing to reconstruction.
  • These emissions exacerbate climate change, degrade natural resources, and undermine food security, impacting Paris Agreement goals.

Conclusions:

  • There is an urgent need for mandatory, transparent, and standardized reporting of military emissions.
  • Integrating military accountability into global climate policy is essential for a sustainable future.
  • Addressing the conflict-climate nexus requires a comprehensive approach to military environmental impacts.